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Intersections of Dental Health and Food Law: The Conflict of Systemic Flouridation as a Public Health Instrument to Prevent Tooth Decay

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International Food Law and Policy

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Abstract

Prevention of tooth decay via administration of flourides in drinking water, milk, and salt has been performed by governments around the world over the last decades. The literature was scrutinized to validate benefits and disadvantages of systematic flouridation for the individual as well to identify the legal background.

Regulation of maximal dose and most beneficial application methodology were identified. A great number of countries have interrupted systematic use in favor of local application due to genera health hazards generated while others continue despite seriously breaching valid law.

The most important finding of this chapter is that local application of flouride best contributes to decay prevention in conformity with biomedical ethics best complimenting general health.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Edelstein (2006).

  2. 2.

    Touger-Decker and van Loveren (2003).

  3. 3.

    Bagramian et al. (2009).

  4. 4.

    Reisine (1985).

  5. 5.

    Sheiham (2006).

  6. 6.

    Jackson et al. (2011).

  7. 7.

    Gupta et al. (2013); van Houte (1994), pp. 672–681.

  8. 8.

    Touger-Decker and van Loveren (2003), pp. 881S–892S.

  9. 9.

    Harris et al. (2004), pp. 71–85.

  10. 10.

    Ismail et al. (2008), pp. 55–68.

  11. 11.

    Petersen et al. (2005), pp. 661–669.

  12. 12.

    da Silva Tagliaferro et al. (2008), pp. 408–413.

  13. 13.

    Adiatman et al. (2013), pp. 262–269.

  14. 14.

    Ismail et al. (2008), pp. 55–68.

  15. 15.

    Ervin and Dye (2012).

  16. 16.

    WHO, Oral Health Fact Sheet N°318 (2012), http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs318/en/

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    Owings (2007).

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    Petersen and Esheng (1998).

  19. 19.

    Oral Health in America: Report of the Surgeon General, http://www.nidr.nih.gov/sgr/sgrohweb/chap4.htm#dental_caries

  20. 20.

    Id. (internal citations omitted).

  21. 21.

    Bagramian et al. (2009), pp. 3–8.

  22. 22.

    To simplify, fluorite is the primary mineral source of fluorine, the noble gas F. Organic fluorides used in tooth pastes are mineral salts, which are not the same form of the cytotoxic F gas because salts are not as highly volatile. A lot more remains to be said about the various chemical forms and properties of F and how they affect the body, but such an analysis is outside the scope of this book.

  23. 23.

    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Achievements in Public Health, http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4841a1.htm

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    Id.

  25. 25.

    National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, The Story of Fluoridation.

  26. 26.

    Marinho et al. (2002a), CD002279; Marinho et al. (2002b), CD002280; Marinho et al. (2003a), CD002782; Marinho et al. (2003b), CD002284; Marinho et al. (2003c), pp. 448–458; Marinho et al. (2003d), CD002278; Marinho et al. (2004a), CD002781; Marinho et al. (2004b), CD002780; Griffin et al. (2007), pp. 410–415.

  27. 27.

    American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry, Guidelines on Fluoride Treatment (2013).

  28. 28.

    Id.

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    European Commission, Critical review of any new evidence on the hazard profile, health effects, and human exposure to fluoride and the fluoridating agents of drinking water, http://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/environmental_risks/docs/scher_o_139.pdf

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    Sodium Fluoride Material Safety Data Sheet, http://www.nfc.umn.edu/assets/pdf/msds/sodium_fluoride.pdf

  31. 31.

    Solvay, http://www.solvaynorthamerica.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/PDF/PS_SodiumFluorideFinal.pdf

  32. 32.

    Sodium Fluoride Material Safety Data Sheet.

  33. 33.

    Solvay, http://www.solvaynorthamerica.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/PDF/PS_SodiumFluorideFinal.pdf

  34. 34.

    Meyer-Lueckel et al. (2010), pp. 315–323.

  35. 35.

    Tubert-Jeannin et al. (2011), CD007592.

  36. 36.

    WHO Expert Committee on Oral Health Status and Fluoride Use (1994), http://whqlibdoc.who.int/trs/WHO_TRS_846.pdf?ua=1

  37. 37.

    Bánóczy et al. (2009).

  38. 38.

    Yeung et al. (2005), CD003876.

  39. 39.

    Marthaler and Petersen (2005), pp. 351–358.

  40. 40.

    WHO Technical Report on Fluorides and Oral Health (1994), http://whqlibdoc.who.int/trs/WHO_TRS_846.pdf?ua=1

  41. 41.

    Loganathan et al. (2012) pp. 26–36.

  42. 42.

    Berg et al. (2011). pp. 79–87.

  43. 43.

    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Overview: Infant Formula and Fluorosis, http://www.cdc.gov/fluoridation/safety/infant_formula.htm; Hujoel et al. (2009), pp. 841–854.

  44. 44.

    Loganathan et al. (2001), pp. 275–282; Ayoob and Gupta (2006a, b); Gilkes and Hughes (1994), pp. 755–766.

  45. 45.

    Cao et al. (1998), pp. 1061–1063; Cao et al. (1997), pp. 827–833; Fraysse et al. (1989), pp. 39–46.

  46. 46.

    Saini et al. (2013), pp. 2001–2008.

  47. 47.

    Lakdawala and Punekar (1973), pp. 1679–1687.

  48. 48.

    Okamura and Matsuhisa (1965), pp. 382–385.

  49. 49.

    Deshmukh et al. (1995), pp. 1–20.

  50. 50.

    Ayoob and Gupta (2006a, b), pp. 433–487.

  51. 51.

    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Community Water Fluoridation: Benefits, http://www.cdc.gov/fluoridation/benefits/index.htm; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Community Water Fluoridation, http://www.cdc.gov/fluoridation/

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    Ayoob and Gupta (2006a, b), pp. 433–487.

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    Khan et al. (2005).

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  64. 64.

    Mascarenhas (2000), pp. 269–277.

  65. 65.

    Doull et al. (2006), (Council revealed the occurrence of moderate dental flourisis at water fluoridation levels of 0.7–1.2 mg/l).

  66. 66.

    Horowitz (2003), pp. 3–8, discussion 9–10.

  67. 67.

    WHO (2014).

  68. 68.

    Ismail and Hasson (2008), pp. 1457–1468.

  69. 69.

    Burt (1992), pp. 1228–1237.

  70. 70.

    Danielson et al. (1992), pp. 746–748.

  71. 71.

    Li et al. (2001), pp. 932–939.

  72. 72.

    Doull et al. (2006).

  73. 73.

    Hillier et al. (2000), pp. 265–269.

  74. 74.

    Spak et al. (1989), pp. 1686–1687; Spak et al. (1990), pp. 426–429; Susheela et al. (1993), pp. 97–104; Whitford and Pashley (1984)), pp. 302–307.

  75. 75.

    Choi et al. (2012), pp. 1362–1368.

  76. 76.

    Perumal et al. (2013), pp. 236–251; Takahashi et al. (2001), pp. 170–179; Tohyama (1996), pp. 84–91; Mastersa et al. (1999), pp. 435–449; Frenia (1994), pp. 109–121.

  77. 77.

    Doull et al. (2006).

  78. 78.

    Whiting et al. (2001).

  79. 79.

    Wright et al. (2014), pp. 182–189.

  80. 80.

    WHO Technical Report on Fluorides and Oral Health (1994).

  81. 81.

    Awofeso (2012), pp. 161–172.

  82. 82.

    Id.

  83. 83.

    Cohen and Locker (2001), pp. 578–580.

  84. 84.

    Griffin et al. (2008), pp. 95–102.

  85. 85.

    Cheng et al. (2007).

  86. 86.

    Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Dignity of the Human Being with regard to the Application of Biology and Medicine: Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine, http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/en/Treaties/Html/164.htm

  87. 87.

    As stated by the “John Harris Centre for Social Ethics & Policy University of Manchester” in November 1989, http://www.bfsweb.org/facts/ethics/ethicsharris.htm

  88. 88.

    European Commission, Critical review of any new evidence on the hazard profile, health effects, and human exposure to fluoride and the fluoridating agents of drinking water.

  89. 89.

    WHO, Oral Health: Global consultation on oral health through fluoride, http://www.who.int/oral_health/events/Global_consultation/en/

  90. 90.

    WHO, New WHO report tackles fluoride in drinking-water, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/new/2006/nw04/en/index.html

  91. 91.

    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Community Water Fluoridation, http://www.cdc.gov/fluoridation/

  92. 92.

    HHS Recommendation for Fluoride Concentration in Drinking Water for Prevention of Dental Caries, http://aspe.hhs.gov/oash/floridation.shtml; American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry, Guideline on Fluoride Therapy (revised 2014), http://www.aapd.org/media/Policies_Guidelines/G_fluoridetherapy.pdf

  93. 93.

    US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr4413.pdf (last visited on the 18 Feb 2014).

  94. 94.

    Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc. v. E.P.A., 812 F.2d 721 (D.C. Cir. 1987).

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    Doull et al. (2006).

  96. 96.

    http://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/environmental_risks/docs/scher_o_139.pdf (last visited on the 18 Feb 2014).

  97. 97.

    Health (Fluoridation) Act 1973, http://www.health.vic.gov.au/water/fluoridation/act.htm

  98. 98.

    Id.

  99. 99.

    Ncube and Schutte (2005), pp. 35–40, http://www.wrc.org.za/

  100. 100.

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  101. 101.

    See translation of the Court’s ruling at: http://www.fluoridealert.org/uploads/israel_supreme_ct_july2013.pdf

  102. 102.

    Israel Will End Fluoridation in 2014, Citing Health Concerns, http://fluoridealert.org/articles/israel_fluoridation/

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  1. Studienzentrum für Fortschrittliche Zahneilkunde, Berlin, Germany

    Liviu Steier & Regina Steier

  2. Food Law International, LLP, Boston, MA, USA

    Liviu Steier, Regina Steier & Gabriela Steier

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    Gabriela Steier

  2. Food Law International, LLP, Washington, DC, USA

    Kiran K. Patel

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Steier, L., Steier, R., Steier, G. (2016). Intersections of Dental Health and Food Law: The Conflict of Systemic Flouridation as a Public Health Instrument to Prevent Tooth Decay. In: Steier, G., Patel, K. (eds) International Food Law and Policy. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07542-6_13

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