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Scale-Up Issues and Cost of Manufacturing Bioactive Compounds by Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Ultrasound Assisted Extraction

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Global Food Security and Wellness

Abstract

Because of the today’s pursuit for healthy products, the production of vegetable extracts by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) is a field of industrial interest. Nonetheless, the lack of information on scale-up of these technologies to the industrial level and the relatively high investment associated with emergent extraction processes is responsible for the elimination of these technologies at the very early stages of process design, that is, during the selection of the extraction process. In order to avoid this prejudice, a preliminary analysis of the cost of manufacturing (COM) should be conducted with a minimum of experimental information, possibly gathered from the literature. If this tool is available to process design engineers, the various extraction techniques can be analyzed without any high investment bias. Thus, a simple method to estimate the COM of extracts by SFE and UAE is needed. In this chapter, rapid methods to estimate the COM of extracts obtained by these techniques are presented. The information required to perform such analysis is discussed based on scale-up issues. A compilation of the published data on the scale-up and COM of SFE and UAE processes is presented.

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Abbreviations

A :

Bed cross section area

CER:

Constant extraction rate period

CO2 :

Carbon dioxide

COL:

Cost of operational labor

COM:

Cost of manufacturing

CQC:

Cost of quality control and research and development

CRM:

Cost of raw material

CUT:

Cost of utilities

CWT:

Cost of waste treatment

d b :

Bed diameter

DC:

Diffusion-controlled period

DFC:

Direct fixed capital

d p :

Particle diameter

E :

Porosity of the bed + particles

F :

Feeding mass

FCI:

Capital investment cost

FER:

Falling extraction rate period

GRAS:

“Generally recognized as safe”

H b :

Bed height

LPSE:

Low-pressure solvent extraction

MAE:

Microwave assisted extraction

M CER :

Mass transfer rate during the CER period

OEC:

Overall extraction curve

PLE:

Pressurized liquid extraction

\( {Q}_{{\mathrm{CO}}_2} \) :

CO2 mass flow rate

\( {\rho}_{{\mathrm{CO}}_2} \) :

CO2 density

R CER :

Yield in the CER period

Re :

Reynolds number

S/F :

Solvent to feed ratio

SD:

Steam distillation

SFE:

Supercritical fluid extraction

t CER :

Duration of the CER period

t FER :

Duration of the FER period

TPC:

Total plant cost

TPDC:

Total plant direct cost

TPIC:

Total plant indirect cost

t RES :

Solvent residence time in the extractor

UAE:

Ultrasound assisted extraction

USFE:

Ultrasound assisted supercritical fluid extraction

Y CER :

Mass ratio of solute to solvent in the bed outlet during the CER period

ν :

Solvent superficial velocity

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Acknowledgements

Dr. Juliana M. Prado’s present address is Centro de Ciências da Natureza (CCN), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rod. Lauri Simões de Barros, km 12, SP-189. 18290-000, Buri, SP, Brazil. And for Dr. Priscilla C. Veggi, Department of Earth and Exact Sciences, Chemical Engineering Sector, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), R. São Nicolau, 210, Diadema, SP, Brazil

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil

    Juliana M. Prado, Priscilla C. Veggi & M. Angela A. Meireles

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  1. Juliana M. Prado
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  2. Priscilla C. Veggi
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  3. M. Angela A. Meireles
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Correspondence to M. Angela A. Meireles .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Pullman, Washington, USA

    Gustavo V. Barbosa-Cánovas

  2. Department of Food Science, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil

    Gláucia María Pastore

  3. Department of Food Engineering, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey

    Kezban Candoğan

  4. Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA

    Ilce G. Medina Meza

  5. Pharmaceutical-Biochemical Technology Department, Pharmaceutical Sciences School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

    Suzana Caetano da Silva Lannes

  6. Food Science and Technology Group, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

    Ken Buckle

  7. Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

    Rickey Y. Yada

  8. EMBRAPA Food Technology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Amauri Rosenthal

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Prado, J.M., Veggi, P.C., Meireles, M.A.A. (2017). Scale-Up Issues and Cost of Manufacturing Bioactive Compounds by Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Ultrasound Assisted Extraction. In: Barbosa-Cánovas, G., et al. Global Food Security and Wellness. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6496-3_20

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