Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Introduction to Endocervical Glandular Lesions

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Glandular Lesions of the Uterine Cervix

Part of the book series: Essentials in Cytopathology ((EICP,volume 19))

  • 993 Accesses

Abstract

An overview of glandular lesions of the cervix is presented in the first chapter. The gradual recognition and refinement of cytologic features of endocervical adenocarcinoma and precursor lesions by screening for cervical cancer are noted. The prevalence of endocervical adenocarcinoma and precursor lesions is explored and compared to the prevalence of squamous carcinoma and precursor lesions. Etiologic factors are described including high risk human papillomavirus (HPV), especially HPV 16, 18, and 45, hormonal factors, and endocervical metaplasias. Clinical features of endocervical adenocarcinomas are discussed and management of the tumors is detailed. As a complement to the description of the cytologic features of glandular lesions of the cervix in subsequent chapters, the histology of glandular lesions of the cervix is discussed and illustrated.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 64.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Kurman RJ, Solomon D. The Bethesda system for reporting cervical/vaginal cytologic diagnoses. New York: Springer; 1994.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  2. Solomon D, Nayar R. The Bethesda System for reporting cervical cytology. New York: Springer; 2004.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  3. Mikuta JJ, Celebre JA. Adenocarcinoma of the cervix. Obstet Gynecol. 1969;33(6):753–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Vizcaino AP, Moreno V, Bosch FX, Munoz N, Barros-Dios XM, Parkin DM. International trends in the incidence of cervical cancer: I. Adenocarcinoma and adenosquamous cell carcinomas. Int J Cancer. 1998;75(4):536–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Bulk S, Visser O, Rozendaal L, Verheijen RH, Meijer CJ. Cervical cancer in the Netherlands 1989-1998: decrease of squamous cell carcinoma in older women, increase of adenocarcinoma in younger women. Int J Cancer. 2005;113(6):1005–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Smith HO, Tiffany MF, Qualls CR, Key CR. The rising incidence of adenocarcinoma relative to squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix in the United States—a 24-year population-based study. Gynecol Oncol. 2000;78(2):97–105.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Ward KK, Shah NR, Saenz CC, McHale MT, Alvarez EA, Plaxe SC. Changing demographics of cervical cancer in the United States (1973-2008). Gynecol Oncol. 2012;126(3):330–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Wang SS, Sherman ME, Hildesheim A, Lacey Jr JV, Devesa S. Cervical adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma incidence trends among white women and black women in the United States for 1976-2000. Cancer. 2004;100(5):1035–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Sherman ME, Wang SS, Carreon J, Devesa SS. Mortality trends for cervical squamous and adenocarcinoma in the United States. Relation to incidence and survival. Cancer. 2005;103(6):1258–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Bray F, Carstensen B, Moller H, Zappa M, Zakelj MP, Lawrence G, et al. Incidence trends of adenocarcinoma of the cervix in 13 European countries. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005;14(9):2191–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Zaino RJ. Symposium part I: adenocarcinoma in situ, glandular dysplasia, and early invasive adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 2002;21(4):314–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Mathew A, George PS. Trends in incidence and mortality rates of squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of cervix—worldwide. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2009;10(4):645–50.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Saraiya M, Ahmed F, Krishnan S, Richards TB, Unger ER, Lawson HW. Cervical cancer incidence in a prevaccine era in the United States, 1998-2002. Obstet Gynecol. 2007;109(2 Pt 1):360–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Mount SL, Papillo JL. A study of 10,296 pediatric and adolescent Papanicolaou smear diagnoses in northern New England. Pediatrics. 1999;103(3):539–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Insinga RP, Glass AG, Rush BB. Diagnoses and outcomes in cervical cancer screening: a population-based study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;191(1):105–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Benard VB, Eheman CR, Lawson HW, Blackman DK, Anderson C, Helsel W, et al. Cervical screening in the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program, 1995-2001. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;103(3):564–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Wright Jr TC, Stoler MH, Behrens CM, Apple R, Derion T, Wright TL. The ATHENA human papillomavirus study: design, methods, and baseline results. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2012;206(1):46.e1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Plaxe SC, Saltzstein SL. Estimation of the duration of the preclinical phase of cervical adenocarcinoma suggests that there is ample opportunity for screening. Gynecol Oncol. 1999;75(1):55–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Mitchell H, Medley G, Gordon I, Giles G. Cervical cytology reported as negative and risk of adenocarcinoma of the cervix: no strong evidence of benefit. Br J Cancer. 1995;71(4):894–7.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Nieminen P, Kallio M, Hakama M. The effect of mass screening on incidence and mortality of squamous and adenocarcinoma of cervix uteri. Obstet Gynecol. 1995;85(6):1017–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Schoolland M, Segal A, Allpress S, Miranda A, Frost FA, Sterrett GF. Adenocarcinoma in situ of the cervix. Cancer. 2002;96(6):330–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Walboomers JM, Jacobs MV, Manos MM, Bosch FX, Kummer JA, Shah KV, et al. Human papillomavirus is a necessary cause of invasive cervical cancer worldwide. J Pathol. 1999;189(1):12–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Castellsague X, Diaz M, de Sanjose S, Munoz N, Herrero R, Franceschi S, et al. Worldwide human papillomavirus etiology of cervical adenocarcinoma and its cofactors: implications for screening and prevention. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006;98(5):303–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Li N, Franceschi S, Howell-Jones R, Snijders PJ, Clifford GM. Human papillomavirus type distribution in 30,848 invasive cervical cancers worldwide: variation by geographical region, histological type and year of publication. Int J Cancer. 2011;128(4):927–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Pirog EC, Kleter B, Olgac S, Bobkiewicz P, Lindeman J, Quint WG, et al. Prevalence of human papillomavirus DNA in different histological subtypes of cervical adenocarcinoma. Am J Pathol. 2000;157(4):1055–62.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Andersson S, Rylander E, Larsson B, Strand A, Silfversvard C, Wilander E. The role of human papillomavirus in cervical adenocarcinoma carcinogenesis. Eur J Cancer. 2001;37(2):246–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Clifford G, Franceschi S. Members of the human papillomavirus type 18 family (alpha-7 species) share a common association with adenocarcinoma of the cervix. Int J Cancer. 2008;122(7):1684–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Quint KD, de Koning MN, Geraets DT, Quint WG, Pirog EC. Comprehensive analysis of human papillomavirus and Chlamydia trachomatis in in-situ and invasive cervical adenocarcinoma. Gynecol Oncol. 2009;114(3):390–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Young RH, Clement PB. Endocervical adenocarcinoma and its variants: their morphology and differential diagnosis. Histopathology. 2002;41(3):185–207.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. An HJ, Kim KR, Kim IS, Kim DW, Park MH, Park IA, et al. Prevalence of human papillomavirus DNA in various histological subtypes of cervical adenocarcinoma: a population-based study. Mod Pathol. 2005;18(4):528–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Baalbergen A, Smedts F, Ewing P, Snijders PJ, Meijer CJ, Helmerhorst TJ. HPV-type has no impact on survival of patients with adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix. Gynecol Oncol. 2013;128:530–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Appleby P, Beral V, Berrington de Gonzalez A, Colin D, Franceschi S, Goodill A, et al. Carcinoma of the cervix and tobacco smoking: collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 13,541 women with carcinoma of the cervix and 23,017 women without carcinoma of the cervix from 23 epidemiological studies. Int J Cancer. 2006;118(6):1481–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Hurt WG, Silverberg SG, Frable WJ, Belgrad R, Crooks LD. Adenocarcinoma of the cervix: histopathologic and clinical features. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1977;129(3):304–15.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Ostor AG, Duncan A, Quinn M, Rome R. Adenocarcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix: an experience with 100 cases. Gynecol Oncol. 2000;79(2):207–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Wright Jr TC, Massad LS, Dunton CJ, Spitzer M, Wilkinson EJ, Solomon D. 2006 consensus guidelines for the management of women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or adenocarcinoma in situ. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2007;197(4):340–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Schoolland M, Allpress S, Sterrett GF. Adenocarcinoma of the cervix. Cancer. 2002;96(1):5–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Shingleton HM, Gore H, Bradley DH, Soong SJ. Adenocarcinoma of the cervix. I. Clinical evaluation and pathologic features. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1981;139(7):799–814.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Saigo PE, Cain JM, Kim WS, Gaynor JJ, Johnson K, Lewis Jr JL. Prognostic factors in adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix. Cancer. 1986;57(8):1584–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Mulvany N, Ostor A. Microinvasive adenocarcinoma of the cervix: a cytohistopathologic study of 40 cases. Diagn Cytopathol. 1997;16(5):430–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Ostor AG. Early invasive adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 2000;19(1):29–38.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Tobon H, Dave H. Adenocarcinoma in situ of the cervix. Clinicopathologic observations of 11 cases. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 1988;7(2):139–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Massad LS, Einstein MH, Huh WK, Katki HA, Kinney WK, Schiffman M, et al. 2012 updated consensus guidelines for the management of abnormal cervical cancer screening tests and cancer precursors. J Low Genit Tract Dis. 2013;17(5 Suppl 1):S1–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

    Rosemary H. Tambouret MD & David C. Wilbur MD

Authors
  1. Rosemary H. Tambouret MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. David C. Wilbur MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Tambouret, R.H., Wilbur, D.C. (2015). Introduction to Endocervical Glandular Lesions. In: Glandular Lesions of the Uterine Cervix. Essentials in Cytopathology, vol 19. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1989-5_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1989-5_1

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-1988-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-1989-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation