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Aging

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Microglia in Health and Disease

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Abstract

Microglial cells undergo multiple morphological and immunophenotypic changes during normal aging. Abnormal morphology, which includes fewer and shorter ramifications, beading and spheroid swellings, has been observed particularly in the cerebral cortex, as well as in and around the white matter. In aged animals, microglia express some surface antigens which are not normally present in their young counterparts, in addition to presenting altered motility and phagocytosis. Aged microglia exhibit an aberrant production of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators, accompanied by an exacerbated inflammatory response to pathological changes, a phenomenon known as microglial “priming.” Lysosomal dysfunction and mitochondrial DNA oxidative damage further accumulate in aged microglia, resulting in an increased production of reactive oxygen species. These changes could contribute to mediating the neuronal dysfunction observed during normal aging and facilitate the onset of age-associated cognitive decline, as well as neurodegenerative diseases. In this chapter, we describe microglial aging at the cellular and molecular levels, the implications for diseases, and potential strategies to slow down aging based on preserving lysosomal and mitochondrial function.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 391, Santiago, Chile

    Rommy von Bernhardi M.D., Ph.D. & Betsi Flores

  2. Department of Aging Science and Pharmacology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan

    Hiroshi Nakanishi Ph.D.

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  1. Rommy von Bernhardi M.D., Ph.D.
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  2. Betsi Flores
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  3. Hiroshi Nakanishi Ph.D.
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Correspondence to Rommy von Bernhardi M.D., Ph.D. .

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  1. Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du, CHU de Québec, and Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada

    Marie-Ève Tremblay

  2. Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country, EHU/UPV, Ikerbasque Foundation, Zamudio, Bizkaia, Spain

    Amanda Sierra

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von Bernhardi, R., Flores, B., Nakanishi, H. (2014). Aging. In: Tremblay, MÈ., Sierra, A. (eds) Microglia in Health and Disease. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1429-6_13

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