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Oxidative Stress, Neuroinflammation, and Neurodegeneration

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Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration

Abstract

Oxidative stress and chronic neuroinflammation are two intertwined key pathologic factors in brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. As physiological signaling molecules, reactive oxygen species (ROS) play important roles in many biological processes. However, when excessive amounts of ROS overwhelm the antioxidant defense system, the resultant redox imbalance disrupts cellular integrity and functions. The brain is highly sensitive to oxidative stress. The failure of free radical-scavenging antioxidants in clinical trials demands new therapeutic strategies to block the major sources of oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases. While the mitochondrial electron transport chain is the major source of intracellular ROS, over-activated phagocytic NADPH oxidase (NOX2)—the major inflammatory oxidative enzyme—has been demonstrated as a prime mediator of chronic neurodegeneration in models of neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, emerging evidence has suggested that dysregulated chronic neuroinflammation might be a driving force of decades-long neurodegenerative processes. Blockage of the crossroad of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress may have greater efficacy in the treatment for neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, targeting microglial NOX2 might become a disease-modifying therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative diseases.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by a start-up fund provided by Nanjing University and in part by Jiangsu Province’s Innovation and Entrepreneurship Talent People Award and by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health. We apologize for limiting citation of many excellent original contributions due to space limitations. The authors declare they have no actual or potential competing financial interests.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Model Animal Research Center and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210061, China

    Hui-Ming Gao

  2. Laboratory of Toxicology and Pharmacology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA

    Hui-Ming Gao, Hui Zhou & Jau-Shyong Hong Ph.D.

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  1. Hui-Ming Gao
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  2. Hui Zhou
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  3. Jau-Shyong Hong Ph.D.
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Correspondence to Hui-Ming Gao .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA

    Phillip K. Peterson

  2. Department of Biochemistry Department of Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA

    Michal Toborek

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Gao, HM., Zhou, H., Hong, JS. (2014). Oxidative Stress, Neuroinflammation, and Neurodegeneration. In: Peterson, P., Toborek, M. (eds) Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1071-7_5

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