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Oxidative Stress Biomarkers: Current Status and Future Perspective

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Studies on Pediatric Disorders

Abstract

It is becoming increasingly apparent that reactive oxygen species (ROS), including superoxide anion and nitric oxide (NO), exert multiple biological effects over a wide spectrum, from physiological regulatory functions to damaging alterations contributing to the pathogenesis of diverse diseases. This chapter presents an overview of recent progress in the clinical application of oxidative stress biomarkers in pediatric medicine. First, the review briefly presents important physiological and pathophysiological aspects of ROS and antioxidative defense systems. Second, the interrelationship of NO system blockade, endothelial dysfunction, and oxidative stress is discussed. Third, a list of clinically applicable biomarkers is presented, along with pediatric diseases in which enhanced oxidative stress might be involved. Many good biomarkers are readily measurable using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Rapid diagnostic tests for measuring oxidative stress status have been introduced. Fourth, age-related reference normal ranges of oxidative stress biomarkers are presented, including those for urinary acrolein-lysine, 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine, nitrite/nitrate, and pentosidine. Finally, recent clinical studies that have evaluated the efficacy of antioxidative intervention for oxidative stress-related diseases are explained. Although not comprehensive, this review provides a brief perspective of current pediatric research which highlights the adverse health effects of ROS actions and therapeutic strategies for ROS-associated diseases.

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Abbreviations

AD:

Atopic dermatitis

ADMA:

Asymmetric dimethylarginine

AG:

Aminoguanidine

ASL:

Argininosuccinate lyase

ASS:

Argininosuccinate synthase

BAP:

Biological antioxidative potential

BOM:

Bilirubin oxidative metabolites

CAAT:

Cationic amino acid transporter

CAT:

Catalase

CML:

Carboxymethyllysine

CO:

Carbon monoxide

Cr:

Creatinine

CSF:

Cerebrospinal fluid

DDAH:

Dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase

ELISA:

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

GPX:

Glutathione peroxidase

GSH:

Glutathione

HNE:

4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal

H2O2 :

Hydrogen peroxide

l-NAME:

NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester

LO:

Lipid alkoxyl radical

LOO:

Lipid peroxyl radical

LOOH:

Lipid hydroperoxide

MDA:

Malondialdehyde

NO:

Nitric oxide

NO2 :

Nitrogen dioxide

NOS:

Nitric oxide synthase

1O2 :

Singlet oxygen

O2 − :

Superoxide anion

OH:

Hydroxyl radical

8-OHdG:

8-Hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine

ONOO:

Peroxynitrite radical

ONOO− :

Peroxynitrite anion

PRMT:

Protein arginine methyltransferase

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

TBARS:

Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances

TP:

Total hydroperoxides

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Acknowledgments

I thank Professor Tsuneo Morishima (Okayama University, Japan), Professor Mitsufumi Mayumi (University of Fukui), Professor Michael S. Goligorsky (New York Medical College, USA), and Professor Takanobu Ishida (State University of New York at Stony Brook, USA) for invaluable help with these studies. This work was supported by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare.

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  1. Department of Pediatrics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan

    Hirokazu Tsukahara M.D., Ph.D.

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Correspondence to Hirokazu Tsukahara M.D., Ph.D. .

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  1. Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Department of Pediatrics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan

    Hirokazu Tsukahara

  2. Department of Pediatrics, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan

    Kazunari Kaneko

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Tsukahara, H. (2014). Oxidative Stress Biomarkers: Current Status and Future Perspective. In: Tsukahara, H., Kaneko, K. (eds) Studies on Pediatric Disorders. Oxidative Stress in Applied Basic Research and Clinical Practice. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0679-6_6

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