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Hematologic Disorders

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Studies on Pediatric Disorders

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Abstract

Erythrocytes, the most abundant cells in the human body, are well known for the essential part they play in oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) transport. Less appreciated are their more subtle functions including context responsive vascular signaling (regulating vascular smooth muscle tone as a function of O2-sensitive processing of reactive nitrogen species (RNS) [1, 2], reactive oxygen species (ROS) [3], and metabolites of adenosine [4]), and of most relevance to this review—the detoxification of damaging oxidants [5, 6]. A number of factors allow erythrocytes to fulfill these essential functions: their ubiquitous distribution, high turnover (a desirable attribute for a detoxification unit [6]), highly evolved structure/composition, and perhaps most important their metabolic specialization, which is dedicated to maintaining reversible O2 binding capacity and redox homeostasis in blood [7]. Herein, we will review features of erythrocyte metabolism relevant to antioxidant systems as well as perturbations of these systems in congenital and acquired disease that affect erythrocyte function.

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Abbreviations

2,3-BPG:

2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate

ATP:

Adenosine triphosphate

Cat:

Catalase

cdB3:

Cytoplasmic domain of Band 3

CO2 :

Carbon dioxide

DHA:

Dehydroascorbic acid

EMP:

Embden Meyerhof pathway

G6P:

Glucose-6-phosphate

G6PD:

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

GAPDH:

Glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase

GLUT-1:

Glucose transporter 1

GR:

Glutathione reductase

GSH:

l-y-Glutamyl-l-cysteinylglycine

GSHPx:

Glutathione peroxidase

GSSG:

Glutathione disulfide

H2O2 :

Hydrogen peroxide

Hb:

Hemoglobin

HbS:

Hemoglobin S

HMP:

Hexose monophosphate pathway

HO• :

Hydroxyl radical

LDH:

Lactate dehydrogenase

metHb:

Methemoglobin

metHbR:

Methemoglobin reductase

NADH:

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

NADPH:

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

NO• :

Nitric oxide

O2 :

Oxygen

O2 − :

Superoxide

PK:

Pyruvate kinase

PMOR:

Plasma membrane oxidoreductases

Prx:

Periredoxin

RBC:

Red blood cell

RNS:

Reactive nitrogen species

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SCD:

Sickle cell disease

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

TrxR:

Thioredoxin reductase

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry, Washington University in Saint Louis, School of Medicine, McDonnel Pediatric Research Building, 5th Floor/Campus Box 8208, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA

    Stephen Rogers Ph.D., Manuel Silva M.D. & Allan Doctor M.D.

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  1. Stephen Rogers Ph.D.
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  2. Manuel Silva M.D.
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  3. Allan Doctor M.D.
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Correspondence to Allan Doctor M.D. .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Department of Pediatrics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan

    Hirokazu Tsukahara

  2. Department of Pediatrics, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan

    Kazunari Kaneko

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Rogers, S., Silva, M., Doctor, A. (2014). Hematologic Disorders. In: Tsukahara, H., Kaneko, K. (eds) Studies on Pediatric Disorders. Oxidative Stress in Applied Basic Research and Clinical Practice. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0679-6_21

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