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Environmental Pollution and Health Consequences

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Studies on Pediatric Disorders

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Abstract

Air pollutants consist of diverse groups of chemical compounds including volatile organic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heavy metals, and particulate matter. Many of these compounds induce oxidative damage to macromolecules either directly or after their metabolic conversion into reactive compounds. While oxidative damage to DNA, lipids, and proteins is associated with many negative health effects in adults, its consequences are particularly serious during pregnancy and in children that are especially vulnerable to the effects of air pollution because of not fully developed immune and respiratory systems. Exposure to environmental pollutants during pregnancy is associated with higher incidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes, including low birth weight (LBW) and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). LBW and IUGR newborns often suffer from various negative health consequences, e.g., increased morbidity and mortality or cognitive impairment, as well as higher risks of cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes mellitus, or renal insufficiency in older age. In young children higher incidence of bronchial asthma has been reported in areas with high levels of air pollutants. Bronchial asthma is the most common inflammatory disease of the respiratory system which impacts the immune response of the organism. It has been shown that oxidative stress plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Apart from bronchial asthma, other diseases, e.g., wheezing and allergic rhinitis, are associated with exposure to air pollutants.

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Abbreviations

8-oxodG:

8-Oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine

15-F2t-IsoP:

15-F2t-isoprostane

B[a]P:

Benzo[a]pyrene

BMI:

Body mass index

c-PAHs:

Carcinogenic PAHs

DEPs:

Diesel exhaust particles

ETS:

Environmental tobacco smoke

IUGR:

Intrauterine growth retardation

LBW:

Low birth weight

MDA:

Malondialdehyde

OR:

Odds ratio

PAHs:

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

PM:

Particulate matter

PM1:

PM of aerodynamic diameter <1 μm

PM2.5:

PM of aerodynamic diameter <2.5 μm

PM10:

PM of aerodynamic diameter <10 μm

RNS:

Reactive nitrogen species

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SNP:

Single nucleotide polymorphism

VOC:

Volatile organic compound

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. The Institute of Experimental Medicine ASCR, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic

    Pavel Rossner Jr. & Radim J. Sram

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  1. Pavel Rossner Jr.
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  1. Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Department of Pediatrics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan

    Hirokazu Tsukahara

  2. Department of Pediatrics, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan

    Kazunari Kaneko

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Rossner, P., Sram, R.J. (2014). Environmental Pollution and Health Consequences. In: Tsukahara, H., Kaneko, K. (eds) Studies on Pediatric Disorders. Oxidative Stress in Applied Basic Research and Clinical Practice. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0679-6_17

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