Abstract
Benedikt (1870), the first clinician to describe what is now termed agoraphobia, concluded that dizziness was the central problem and suggested that this dizziness was caused by a disorder of the ocular muscles. Westphal (1871) rejected this notion; he gave the name agoraphobia to a syndrome experienced by patients walking in public places and open spaces. This consisted of severe panic attacks, dizziness, fear of losing balance, nausea, anxiety, palpitations and trembling, and a host of other symptoms usually attributed to an overaroused autonomic nervous system. Westphal singled out anxiety as the cardinal symptom.
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Weeks, D.J., Ward, K. (1989). Neuropsychological Causes for Agoraphobia?. In: Crawford, J.R., Parker, D.M. (eds) Developments in Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9996-5_25
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9996-5_25
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