Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Rabies Viruses—Pathogenesis and Immunity

  • Chapter
The Rhabdoviruses

Part of the book series: The Viruses ((VIRS))

Abstract

The outcome of rabies virus infection in all warm-blooded hosts, including humans, is generally fatal. For this reason, rabies virus is by far the most important rhabdovirus (member of the genus Lyssavirus) for study with regard to understanding its mode of pathogenesis and immunity. The long history of research in rabies pathogenesis beginning early in the 19th century is clear testimony of the importance continually placed on the need to better understand the nature of the disease caused by rabies virus, which in the recorded history of rabies was possibly recognized more than 4000 years ago (Steele, 1975; Miller and Nathanson, 1977), and to determine its course of development in hope of finding a means of prevention.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abelseth, M. K., 1964, An attenuated rabies vaccine for domestic animals produced in tissue culture, Can. Vet. J. 5: 279.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Abelseth, M. K., 1967, Further studies on the use of ERA rabies vaccine in domestic animals, Can. Vet. J. 8: 221.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Afshar, A., 1979, A review of non-bite transmission of rabies virus infection, Br. Vet. J. 135: 142.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Almeida, J. D., Howatson, A. F., Pinteric, L., and Fenje, P., 1962, Electron microscopic observations on rabies virus by negative staining, Virology 18: 47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, L. J., Baer, G. M., Smith, J. S., Winkler, W. G., and Holman, R. C., 1981, Rapid antibody response to human diploid rabies vaccine, Am. J. Epidemiol. 113: 270.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andrai, B., and Blancou, J., 1981, Study of the mechanisms of early death occurring after vaccination in mice inoculated with street rabies virus, Ann. Virol. (Inst. Pasteur) 132E: 503.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anilionis, A., Wunner, W. H., and Curtis, P. J., 1981, Structure of the glycoprotein gene in rabies virus, Nature (London) 294: 275.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arko, R. J., Schneider, L. G., and Baer, G. M., 1973, Nonfatal canine rabies, Am. J. Vet. Res. 34: 937.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Atanasiu, P., 1965, Transmission de la rage pour la voie respiratoire aux animaux de laboratoire, C. R. Acad. Sci. 261: 277.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Atanasiu, P., Lepine, P., Sisman, J., Daugnet, J. C., and Wetton, M., 1963a, Étude morpho- logique du virus rabiques des rues en culture de tissue, C. R. Acad. Sci. 256: 3219.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atanasiu, P., Orth, G., Sisman, J., and Barreau, C., 1963b, Identification immunologique du virion rabique au cultures cellulaires par les anticorpos spĂ©cifiques conjuguĂ©s a la farritina, C. R. Acad. Sci. 257: 2204.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Atanasiu, P., Nosaki-Renard, J., Savy, V., and Eyquem, A., 1977, Évaluation de l’immunitĂ© cellulaire aprĂ© vaccination chez l’homme, C. R. Acad. Sci. (D) 285: 1187.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aubert, M. F. A., Bussereau, F., and Blancou, J., 1980, Pathogenic, immunogenic and protective powers of ten temperature-sensitive mutants of rabies virus in mice, Ann. Virol. (Inst. Pasteur) 131: 217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baer, G. M., 1975, Pathogenesis to the central nervous system, in: The Natural History of Rabies, Vol. I ( G. M. Baer, ed.), pp. 181–196, Academic Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Baer, G. M., 1978, Advances in postexposure rabies vaccination: A review, Am. J. Clin.Pathol. 70: 185.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baer, G. M., and Cleary, W. F., 1972, A model in mice for the pathogenesis and treatment of rabies, J. Infect. Dis. 125: 520.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baer, G. M., and Olson, H. R., 1972, Recovery of pigs from rabies, J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 160: 1127.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baer, G. M., and Yager, P. A., 1977, A mouse model for postexposure rabies prophylaxis: The comparative efficacy of two vaccines and of antiserum administration, J. Gen. Virol. 36: 51.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baer, G. M., Shanthaveerappa, T. R., and Boume, G. H., 1965, Studies on pathogenesis of fixed rabies virus in rats, Bull. W.H. O. 33: 783.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baer, G. M., Shantha, T. R., and Boume, G. H., 1968, Pathogenesis of street rabies virus in rats, Bull. W.H.O. 38: 119.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baer, G. M., Cleary, W. F., Diaz, A. M., and Perl, D. F., 1977, Characteristics of 11 rabies virus isolates in mice: Titers and relative invasiveness of virus, incubation period of infection, and survival of mice with sequelae, J. Inf. Dis. 136: 336.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baer, G. M., Shaddock, J. H., Houff, S. A., Harrison, A. K., and Gardner, J. J., 1982, Human rabies transmitted by comeal transplant, Arch. Neurol. 39: 103.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, J. F., 1964, Abortive rabies infection. I. Experimental production in white mice and general discussion, J. Infect. Dis. 114: 249.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, J. F., 1975, Latency and abortive rabies, in: The Natural History of Rabies, Vol. I ( G. M. Baer, ed.), pp. 331–354, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell, J. F., Lodmell, D. L., Moore, G. J., and Raymond, G. H., 1966, Brain neutralization of rabies virus to distinguish recovered animals from previously vaccinated animals, J. Immunol. 97: 747.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bernkopf, H., and Kligler, I. J., 1940, Characteristics of a fixed rabies virus cultivated on developing chick embryos, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 45: 332.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhatt, D. R., Hattwick, M. A. W., Gerdsen, R., Emmons, R. W., and Johnson, H. N., 1974, Human rabies: Diagnosis, complications and management, Am. J. Dis. Child. 127: 862.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bijlenga, G., and Heaney, T., 1978, Post-exposure treatment of mice infected with rabies with two axonal flow inhibitors, colchicine and vinblastin, J. Gen. Virol. 39: 381.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blancou, J., Andral, B., and Andral, L., 1980, A model in mice for the study of the early death phenomenon after vaccination and challenge with rabies virus, J. Gen. Virol. 50: 433.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blenden, D. C., 1981, Rabies in a litter of skunks predicted and diagnosed by skin biopsy, J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 179: 789.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blinzinger, K., and Muller, W., 1971, The intercellular gaps of neuropil as possible pathways for virus spread in viral encephalomyelitides, Acta Neuropathol. 17: 37.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, F., and Crick, J., 1979, Natural history of the rhabdoviruses of vertebrates and invertebrates, in: Rhabdoviruses, Vol. I ( D. H. L. Bishop, ed.), pp. 1–22, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryceson, A. D. M., Greenwood, B. M., Warrell, D. A., Davidson, N. McD., Pope, H. M., Lawrie, L. H., Barnes, H. J., Bailie, W. E., and Wilcox, G. E., 1975, Demonstration during life of rabies antigen in humans, J. Infect. Dis. 131: 71.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burrage, T. G., and Lentz, T. L., 1981, Ultrastructure characterization of surface specialization containing high-density acetylcholine receptors on embryonic chick myotubes in vivo and in vitro, Dev. Biol. 85: 267.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burrage, T. G., Tignor, G. H., and Smith, A. L., 1983, Immunoelectron microscopic localization of rabies virus antigen in central nervous system and peripheral tissue using low-temperature embedding and protein A–gold, J. Virol. Methods 7: 337.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burrage, T. G., Tignor, G. H., and Smith, A. L., 1985, Rabies virus binding at neuromuscular junctions, Virus Res. 2: 273.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cabasso, V. J., Stebbins, M. R., Douglas, B. A., and Sharpless, G. R., 1965, Tissue-culture rabies vaccine (Flury LEP) in dogs, Am. J. Vet. Res. 26: 24.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Celis, E., Wiktor, T. J., Dietzschold, B., and Koprowski, H., 1985, Amplification of rabies virus-induced stimulation of human T-cell lines and clones by antigen-specific antibodies, J. Virol. 56: 426.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Charlton, K. M., and Casey, G. A., 1979, Experimental rabies in skunks: Immunofluorescence, light and electron microscopic studies, Lab Invest. 41: 36.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Charlton, K. M., Casey, G. A., and Campbell, J. B., 1983, Experimental rabies in skunks: Mechanisms of infection of the salivary glands, Can. J. Comp. Med. 47: 363.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheetham, H. D., Hart, J., Coghill, N. F., and Fox, B., 1970, Rabies with myocarditis: Two cases in England, Lancet 1: 921.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cifuentas, E., Calderon, E., and Bijlenga, G., 1971, Rabies in a child diagnosed by a new intra-vitam method, the cornea test, J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 74: 23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, H F., 1979, Systems for assay and growth of rhabdoviruses, in: Rhabdoviruses, Vol. 1 ( D. H. L. Bishop, ed.), pp. 23–41, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, H F., and Ohtani, S., 1976, Temperature-sensitive mutants of rabies virus in mice: A mutant (ts2) revertant mixture selectively pathogenic by the peripheral route of inoculation, Infect. Immun. 13: 1418.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, H F., and Prabhakar, B. S., 1985, Rabies, in: Comparative Pathobiology of Virus Diseases, Vol. II ( R. G. Olsen, S. Krakowka, and J. R. Blakeslee, eds.), pp. 165–214, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, H F., and Wiktor, T. J., 1972, Temperature-sensitivity characteristics distinguishing substrains of fixed rabies virus: Lack of correlation with plaque-size markers or virulence for mice, J Infect. Dis. 125: 637.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, H F., Parks, N. F., and Wunner, W. H., 1981, Defective interfering particles of fixed rabies viruses: Lack of correlation with attenuation or autointerference in mice, J. Gen. Virol. 52: 245.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Conomy, J. P., Leibovitz, A., McCombs, W., and Stinson, J., 1977, Airborne rabies encephalitis: Demonstration of rabies virus in the human central nervous system, Neurology 37: 67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Constantine, D. G., 1962, Rabies transmission by non-bite route, U. S. Public Health Rep. 77: 387.

    Google Scholar 

  • Constantine, D. G., 1966, Transmission experiments with bat rabies isolates: Responses of certain carnivora to rabies virus isolated from animals infected by nonbite route, Am. J. Vet. Res. 27: 13.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Constantine, D. G., Emmons, R. W., and Woodie, J. D., 1972, Rabies virus in nasal mucosa of naturally infected bats, Science 175: 1255.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coulon, P., Rollin, P., Aubert, M., and Flamand, A., 1982, Molecular basis of rabies virus virulence. I. Selection of avirulent mutants of the CVS strain with anti-G monoclonal antibodies, J. Gen. Virol. 61: 97.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cserr, H. F., and Ostrach, L. H., 1974, Bulk flow of interstitital fluid after intercranial injection of blue Dextran 2000, Exp. Neurol. 45: 50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davies, M. C., Englert, M. E., Sharpless, G. R., and Cabasso, V. J., 1963, The electron microscopy of rabies virus in cultures of chicken embryo tissues, Virology 21: 642.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dawson, J. R., 1939, Infection of chicks and chick embryos with rabies, Science 89: 300.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dean, D. J., Evans, W. M., and McClure, R. C., 1963, Pathogenesis of rabies, Bull. W.H.O. 29: 803.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dean, D. J., Evans, W. M., and Thompson, W. R., 1964, Studies on the low egg passage Flury strain of modified live rabies virus produced in embryonating chicken eggs and tissue culture, Am. J. Vet. Res. 25: 756.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DeBrito, T., Aranjo, M.de F., and Tiriba, A., 1973, Ultrastructure of the Negri body in human rabies, J. Neurol. Sci. 20: 363.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DeWet, J. S. D. T., 1980, Rabies presenting as an acute psychiatric emergency, S. Afr. Med. J. 58: 297.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dierks, R. E., 1975, Electron microscopy of extraneural rabies infection, in: The Natural History of Rabies, Vol. I ( G. M. Baer, ed.), pp. 303–318, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dierks, R. E., Murphy, F. A., and Harrison, A. K., 1969, Extraneural rabies virus infection: Virus development in fox salivary gland, Am. J. Pathol. 54: 251.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dietzschold, B., Wunner, W. H., Wiktor, T. J., Lopes, A. D., Lafon, M., Smith, C., and Koprowski, H., 1983, Characterization of an antigenic determinant of the glycoprotein which correlates with pathogenicity, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 80: 70.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dietzschold, B., Wiktor, T. J., Trojanovski, J. Q., Macfarlan, R. I., Wunner, W. H., TorresAnjel, M. J., and Koprowski, H., 1985, Differences in cell-to-cell spread of pathogenic and apathogenic rabies virus in vivo and in vitro, J. Virol. 56: 12.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doherty, P. C., 1985, T cells and viral infections, Br. Med. Bull. 41: 7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duenas, A., Belsey, M. A., Escobar, J., Medina, P, and Sanmartin, C., 1973, Isolation of rabies virus outside the human central nervous system, J. Infect. Dis. 127: 702.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dupont, J. R., and Earle, K. M., 1965, Human rabies encephalitis: A study of forty-nine fatal cases with a review of the literature, Neurology 15: 1023.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Emmons, R. W., Leonard, L. L., DeGenaro, F., Protas, E. S., Bazely, P. L., Giammona, P. L., and Sturkow, K., 1973, A case of human rabies with prolonged survival, Intervirology 1: 60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fekadu, M., and Baer, G. M., 1980, Recovery from clinical rabies of 2 dogs inoculated with a rabies virus strain from Ethiopia, Am. J. Vet. Res. 41: 632.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fekadu, M., and Shaddock, J. H., 1984, Peripheral distribution of virus in dogs inoculated with two strains of rabies virus, Am. J. Vet. Res. 45: 724.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fekadu, M., Shaddock, J. H., and Baer, G. M., 1982, Excretion of rabies virus in the saliva of dogs, J. Infect. Dis. 145: 715.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fenje, P., 1960, A rabies vaccine from hamster kidney tissue culture: Preparation and evaluation in animals, Can. J. Microbiol. 6: 605.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fenje, P., and Postic, B., 1970, Protection of rabbits against experimental rabies by poly I—Poly C, Nature (London) 226: 171.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fenje, P., and Postic, B., 1971, Prophylaxis of experimental rabies with the polyriboinosinic—polyribocytidylic acid complex, J. Infect. Dis. 123: 426.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fischman, H. R., and Schaeffer, M., 1971, Pathogenesis of experimental rabies as revealed by immunofluorescence, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 177: 78.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fischman, H. R., and Strandberg, J. D., 1973, Inapparent rabies virus infection of the central nervous system, J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 163: 1050.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flamand, A., Wiktor, T. J., and Koprowski, H., 1980, Use of hybridoma monoclonal antibodies in the detection of antigenic differences between rabies and rabies-related viral proteins. II. The glycoprotein, J. Gen. Virol. 48: 105.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fox, J. P., Koprowski, H., Conwell, D. P., Black, J., and Gelfand, H. M., 1957, Study of antirabies immunization of man: Observations with HEP Flury and other vaccines, with and without hyperimmune serum, in primary and recall immunizations, Bull. W.H.O. 17: 869.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fujisake, Y., Sekiguchi, K., and Hirasawa, K., 1968, 19S Neutralizing antibody produced in guinea pigs by rabies virus, Nat. Inst. Anim Health Q. (Tokyo) 8: 132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galtier, V., 1881, Physiologie pathologique—les injections de virus rabique dans le torrent circulatoire ne provoquent pas l’éclosion de la rage et somblent confĂ©rer l’immunitĂ©: La rage peut-ĂŞtre transmisse par l’infestion de lay matière rabique, C. R. Acad. Sci. 93: 284.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gershoni, J. M., Hawrot, E., and Lentz, T. L., 1983, Binding of a-bungarotoxin to isolated a subunit of the acetylcholine receptor of Torpedo californica: Quantitative analysis with protein blots, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 80: 4973.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldwasser, R. A., and Kissling, R. E., 1958, Fluorescent antibody staining of street and fixed rabies virus antigens, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 98: 219.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goodpasteur, E. W., 1925, A study of rabies with reference to a neural transmission of the virus in rabbits, and the structure and significance of Negri bodies, Am. J. Pathol., 1: 547.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gosztonyi, G., 1978, Axonal and transsynaptic spread of viral nucleocapsids in fixed rabies encephalitis, J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 37: 618.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gosztonyi, G., 1979, Possible mechanisms of spread of fixed rabies virus along neural pathways, in: Mechanisms of Viral Pathogenesis and Virulence ( P. A. Bachmann, ed.), pp. 323–345, Proceedings of the Pith Munich Symposium on Microbiology, Munich.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gosztonyi, G., and Ludwig, H., 1984, Neurotransmitter receptors and viral neurotropism, Neuropsychiatr. Clin. 3: 107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Habel, K., 1940, Factors influencing the efficiency of phenolized rabies vaccines. 1. Strains of fixed virus, U. S. Public Health Rep. 55: 1619.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halonen, P. E., Toivanen, P., and Nikkari, T., 1974, Non-specific serum inhibitors of activity of hemagglutinins of rabies and vesicular stomatitis viruses, J. Gen. Vir. 22: 309.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harfast, B., Andersson, T., and Grandien, M., 1977, Enhanced cytotoxicity of human lymphocytes against rabies-infected cells by rabies-specific antibodies, Scand. J. Immunol. 6: 1107.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, A. K., and Murphy, F. A., 1978, Lyssavirus infection of muscle spindles and motor end plates in striated muscle of hamsters, Arch. Virol. 57: 167.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hattwick, M. A. W., and Gregg, M. B., 1975, The disease in man, in: The Natural History of Rabies, Vol. II ( G. M. Baer, ed.), pp. 281–305, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hattwick, M. A. W., Weiss, T. T., Stechschulte, C. J., Baer, G. M., and Gregg, M. B., 1972, Recovery from rabies: A case report, Ann. Intern. Med. 76: 431.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heaney, T., Bijlenga, G., and Joubert, L., 1976, Traitment preventif et curatif locale de l’infection a virus rabique fixe (CVS) chez la souris par des alcaloides (colchicine et vinblastin) inhibiteurs du flux axoplasmique: Blocage apparent de la neuroprobasie virale, Med. Mal. Infect. 6: 39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heidmann, T., and Changeux, J.-P., 1978, Structural and functional properties of the acetylcholine receptor protein in its purified and membrane-bound states, Ann u. Rev. Biochem. 47: 317.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herzog, E., 1965, Histologic diagnosis of rabies, Arch. Pathol. 39: 279.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holland, J. J., Villarreal, L. P., Welsh, R. M., Oldstone, M. B. A., Kohne, D., Lazzarini, R., and Scolnick, E., 1976, Long-term persistent vesicular stomatitis virus and rabies virus infection of cells in vitro, J. Gen. Virol. 33: 193.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holland, J. J., Kennedy, S. I. T., Semler, B. L., Jones, C. L., Roux, L., and Grabau, E. A., 1980, Defective interfering RNA viruses and the host-cell response, in: Comparative Virology, Vol. 16 ( H. Fraenkel-Conrat and R. R. Wagner, eds.), pp. 137–192, Plenum Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Houff, S. A., Burton, R. C., Wilson, R. W., Henson, T. E., London, W. T., Baer, G. M., Anderson, L. J., Winkler, W. G., Madden, D. L., and Sever, J. L., 1979, Human to human transmission of rabies virus by corneal transplant, N. Engl. J. Med. 300: 603.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Howard, D. R., 1981, Rabies virus tropism in naturally infected skunks (Mephitis mephitis), Am. J. Vet. Res. 42: 2187.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hronovsky, V., and Benda, R., 1969, Experimental inhalation infection of laboratory rodents with rabies virus, Acta Virol. 13: 193.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hubbard, J. I., and Wilson, D. F., 1973, Neuromuscular transmission in a mammalian preparation in the absence of blocking drugs and the effect of n-tubocurarine, J. Physiol.(London) 228: 307.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hummeler, K., Koprowski, H., and Wiktor, T. J., 1967, Structure and development of rabies virus in tissue culture, I. Virol. 1: 152.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Humphrey, G. L., Kemp, G. E., and Wood, E. G., 1960, A fatal case of rabies in a woman bitten by an insectivorous bat, U. S. Public Health Rep. 75: 317.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hurst, E. W., and Pawan, J. L., 1968, An outbreak of rabies in Trinidad without history of bites, and with the symptoms of acute ascending myelitis, Caribb. Med. I. 30: 17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Innes, J. R. M., and Saunders, L. Z., 1962, Comparative Neuropathology, pp. 384–394, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Irons, J. V., Eads, R. B., Grimes, J. E., and Conklin, A., 1957, The public health importance of bats, Tex. Rep. Biol. Med. 15: 292.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iwasaki, Y., Wiktor, T. J., and Koprowski, H., 1973, Early events of rabies virus replication in tissue cultures: An electron microscopic study, Lab. Invest. 28: 142.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iwasaki, Y., Ohtani, S., and Clark, H F., 1975, Maturation of rabies virus by budding from neuronal cell membrane in suckling mouse brain, J. Virol. 15: 1020.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iwasaki, Y., and Clark, H. F., 1975, Cell to cell transmission of virus in the central nervous system. II. Experimental rabies in the mouse, Lab. Invest. 33: 391.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iwasaki, Y., Liu, D., Yamamoto, T., and Konno, H., 1985, On the replication and spread of rabies virus in the human central nervous system, J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 44: 185.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, A. B., Rabin, E. R., Bentinck, D. C., and Melnick, J. L., 1969, Rabies virus neuronitis, J. Virol. 3: 265.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, H. G., 1965, Rabies virus, in: Viral and Rickettsia) Infections of Man, 4th ed. ( F. L. Horfall and I. Tamm, eds.), pp. 814–840, J. B. Lippincott, Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, K. P., and Swoveland, P. T., 1984, Rabies, Neurol. Clin. 2: 255.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, R. T., 1965, Experimental rabies: Studies of cellular vulnerability and pathogenesis using fluorescent antibody staining, J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 24: 662.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, R. T., 1971, The pathogenesis of experimental rabies, in: Rabies ( Y. Nogano and F. M. Davenport, eds.), pp. 59–75, University Park Press, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, R. T., 1982, Rabies, in: Viral Infections of the Nervous System ( R. T. Johnson, ed.), pp. 159–167, Raven Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jubb, K. V., and Kennedy, P. C., 1963, Pathology of Domestic Animals, Vol. 2, pp. 352–357, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, C., 1983, The epidemiology of rabies, in: Rabies: A Growing Threat ( J. R. Pattison, ed.), pp. 1–5, Van Nostrand Reinhold (UK), Wokingham, England.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, M. M., Wiktor, T. J., and Koprowski, H., 1975, Pathogenesis of rabies in immunodeficient mice, J. Immunol. 114: 1761.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karlsson, K. A., 1982, Glycosphingolipids and surface membranes, in: Biological Membranes, Vol. 4 ( D. Chapman, ed.), pp. 1–74, Academic Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kawai, A., Matsumoto, S., and Tanabe, K., 1975, Characterization of rabies virus recovered from persistently infected BHK cells, Virology 67: 520.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kligler, I. J., and Bemkopf, H., 1943, The path of dissemination of rabies virus in the body of normal and immunized mice, Br. J. Exp. Med. 24: 15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koprowski, H., 1974, Immunopathology of rabies virus infection, in: Symposium Series in Immunobiological Standardization, Vol. 21, pp. 86–101, S. Karger, Basel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koprowski, H., and Black, J., 1952, Studies on chick embryo adapted rabies virus. III. Duration of immunity in vaccinated dogs, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 80: 410.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koprowski, H., and Cox, H. R., 1948, Studies on chick embryo adapted rabies virus, J. Immunol. 60: 553.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koprowski, H., Wiktor, T. J., and Abelseth, M., 1985, Cross-reactivity and cross-protection: Rabies variants and rabies-related viruses, in: Rabies in the Tropics ( E. Kuwert, C. Merieux, H. Koprowski, and K. Bögel, eds.), pp. 30–39, Springer-Verlag, Berlin

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Koschel, K., and Munzel, P., 1984, Inhibition of opiate receptor-mediated signal transmission by rabies virus in persistently infected NG-108–15 mouse neuroblastoma–rat glioma hybrid cell, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 81: 950.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kristensson, K., and Olsson, Y., 1973, Diffusion pathways and retrograde axonal transport of protein tracers in peripheral nerves, Prog. Neurobiol. (Oxford) 1: 85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kucera, P. Dolivo, M., Coulon, P., and Flamand, A., 1985, Pathways of the early propagation of virulent and avirulent rabies strains from the eye to the brain, J. Virol. 55: 158.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lafon, M., Wiktor, T. J., and Macfarlan, R. I., 1983, Antigenic sites on the CVS rabies virus glycoprotein: Analysis with monoclonal antibodies, J. Gen. Virol. 64: 843.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lafon, M., Ideler, J., and Wunner, W. H., 1984, Investigation of the antigenic structure of rabies virus glycoprotein by monoclonal antibodies, in: International Symposium on Monoclonal Antibodies: Standardization of Their Characterization and Use, Developments in Biological Standardization, Vol. 57 ( M. Barme, W. Hennesson, eds.), pp. 219–225, S. Karger, Basel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lagrange, P. H., Tsiang, H, Hurtrel, B., and Ravisse, P., 1978, Delayed type hypersensitivity to rabies virus in mice: Assay of active or passive sensitization by footpad test, Infect. Immun. 21: 931.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leech, R. W., 1971, Electron-microscopic study of the inclusion body in human rabies, Neurology 21: 41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lentz, T. L., Burrage, T. G., Smith, A. L., Crick, J., and Tignor, G. H., 1982, Is the acetylcholine receptor a rabies virus receptor?, Science 215: 182.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lentz, T. L., Chester, J., Benson, R. J. J., Hawrot, E., Tignor, G. H., and Smith, A. L., 1985, Rabies virus binding to cellular membranes measured by enzyme immunoassay, Muscle Nerve 8: 336.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lintjorn, B., 1982, Clinical features of rabies in man, Trop. Doctor 12: 9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lodmell, D. L., Bell, J. F., Moore, G. J., and Raymond, G. H., 1969, Comparative study of abortive and nonabortive rabies in mice, J. Infect. Dis. 119: 569.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Love, S. V., 1944, Paralytic rabies: Review of the literature and report of a case. J. Pediatr. 24: 312.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Macfarlan, R. I., Dietzschold, B., Wiktor, T. J., Kiel, M., Houghton, R., Lemer, R. A., Sutcliff, J. G., and Koprowski, H., 1984, T cell responses to cleaved rabies virus glycoprotein and to synthetic peptides, J. Immunol. 133: 2748.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Magleby, K. L., Palotta, B. S., and Terrer, D. A., 1981, The effect of (+ -tubocurarine on neuromuscular transmission during repetitive stimulation in the rat, mouse, and frog, J. Physiol. (London) 312: 97.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marcovistz, R., Tsiang, H., and Hovanessian, A. G., 1984, Production and action of interferon in mice infected with rabies virus, Ann. Virol. (Inst. Pasteur) 135E: 19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marcovistz, R., Galabru, J., Tsiang, H., and Hovanessian, A. G., 1986, Neutralization of interferon produced early during rabies virus infection in mice, J. Gen. Virol. 67: 387.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matsumoto, S., 1962, Electron microscopy of nerve cells infected with street rabies virus, Virology, 17: 198.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matsumoto, S., 1963, Electron microscope studies of rabies virus in mouse brain, J. Cell Biol. 19: 565.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matsumoto, S., 1970, Rabies virus, Adv. Virus Res. 16: 257.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matsumoto, S., 1975, Electron microscopy of central nervous system infection, in: The Natural History of Rabies, Vol. I ( G. M. Baer, ed.), pp. 217–233, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matsumoto, S., and Kawai, A., 1969, Comparative studies on development of rabies virus in different host cells, Virology 39: 449.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matsumoto, S., Schneider, L. G., Kawai, A., and Yonezawa, T., 1974, Further studies on the replication of rabies and rabies-like viruses in organized cultures of mammalian neural tissues, J. Virol. 14: 981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, K. F., 1957, Man contacting rabies from man, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 165: 158.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mifune, K., Shiehijo, A., Makino, Y., Takeuchi, E., Yamada, A., and Sakamoto, K., 1980, A mouse model for the pathogenesis and post exposure prophylaxis of rabies, Microbiol. Immunol. 24: 835.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, A., and Nathanson, N., 1977, Rabies: Recent advances in pathogenesis and control, Ann. Neurol. 2: 511.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, A., Morese, E. H., Winkelstein, J., and Nathanson, N., 1977, The role of antibody in recovery from experimental rabies, J. Immunol. 121: 321.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miyamoto, K., and Matsumoto, S., 1965, The nature of the Negri body, J. Cell Biol. 27: 677.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miyamoto, K., and Matsumoto, S., 1967, Comparative studies between pathogenesis of street and fixed rabies infection, J. Exp. Med. 125: 447.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 1977, Rabies in a laboratory worker—New York, 26: 183.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 1980, Human to human transmission of rabies via a corneal transplant—France, 29: 25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 1981, Human to human transmission of rabies via comeal transplant—Thailand, 30: 473.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morecki, R., and Zimmerman, H. M., 1969, Human rabies encephalitis: Fine structure study of cytoplasmic inclusions, Arch. Neurol. 20: 599.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, T. G., 1980, Rhabdoviral assembly and intracellular processing of viral components, in: Rhabdoviruses, Vol. II ( D. H. L. Bishop, ed.), pp. 45–114, CRC Press, Boca Raton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Munzel, P., and Koschel, K., 1981, Rabies virus decreases agonist binding to opiate receptors of mouse neuroblastoma–rat glioma hybrid cells 108.CC-15, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 101: 1241.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, F. A., 1975, Rabies, morphology and morphogenesis, in: The Natural History of Rabies, Vol. I ( G. M. Baer, ed.), pp. 33–61, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, F. A., 1977, Rabies pathogenesis: Brief review, Arch. Virol. 54: 279.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, F. A., 1982, Rabies: Its pathogenesis predicts its ecological entrenchment, in: Viral Diseases in South-East Asia and the Western Pacific ( J. S. Mackenzie, ed.), pp. 553–562, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, F. A., 1985, The pathogenesis of rabies virus infection, in: World’s Debt to Pasteur ( S. A. Plotkin and H. Koprowski, eds.), pp. 153–169, Alan Liss, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, F. A., and Bauer, S. P., 1974, Early street rabies virus infection in striated muscle and later progression to the central nervous system, Intervirology 3: 256.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, F. A., and Bauer, S. P., Harrison, A. K., and Winn, W. C., Jr., 1973a, Comparative pathogenesis of rabies and rabies-like viruses: Viral infection and transit from inoculation site to the central nervous system, Lab. Invest. 28: 361.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, F. A., Harrison, A. K., Washington, W. C., and Bauer, S. P., 1973b, Comparative pathogenesis of rabies and rabies-like viruses: Infection of the central nervous system and centrifugal spread of virus to peripheral tissues, Lab. Invest. 29: 1.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, F. A., Bell, J. F., Bauer, S. P., Gardner, J. J., Moore, G. J., Harrison, A. K., and Coe, J. E., 1980, Experimental chronic rabies in the cat, Lab. Invest. 43: 231.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Negri, A., 1903, Contributo allo studio dell’eziologia della rabia (German translation), Z. Hyg. Infektionskr. 44: 519.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nicholson, K., 1983, Human rabies, in: Rabies: A Growing Threat ( J. R. Pattison, ed.), pp. 6–17, Van Nostrand Reinhold (UK), Wokingham, England

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicholson, K. G., Kuwert, E. K., Werner, J., and Harrison, P., 1979a, Interferon response to human diploid cell strain vaccines in man, Arch. Virol., 61: 35.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nicholson, K. G., Cole, P. J., Turner, G. S., and Harrison, P., 1979b, Immune responses of humans to a human diploid cell strain of rabies virus vaccine: Lymphocyte transformation, production of virus neutralizing antibody and induction of interferon, J. Infect. Dis. 140: 176.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nicholson, K. G., Prestage, H., Cole, P. J., Turner, G. S., and Bauer, S. P., 1981, Multisite intradermal antirabies vaccination: Immune responses in man and protection of rabbits against death from street virus by postexposure administration of human diploid cell strain rabies vaccine, Lancet 2: 915.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Otto, G. L., and Heyke, B., 1962, Propagation of rabies virus: Evaluation of a vaccine, Vet. Med. 57: 613.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pasteur, L., Chamberland, S., Roux, E., and Thuillier, 1881, Note sur la rage, C. R. Acad. Sci. 92: 1259.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pasteur, L., Roux, E., Chamberland, C., and Thuillier, L., 1882, Nouveaux faits pour servir a la connaissance de la rage, C. R. Acad. Sci. 95: 1187.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pereira, C. A., Nosaki-Renard, J. N., Schwartz, J., Eyquem, A., and Atanasiu, P., 1982, Cytotoxicity reactions against target cells infected with rabies virus, J. Virol. Methods 5: 75.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perl, D. P., 1975, The pathology of rabies in the central nervous system, in: The Natural History of Rabies, Vol. I ( G. M. Baer, ed.), pp. 235–272, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perrin, P., Portnoi, D., and Sureau, P., 1982, Étude de l’adsoprtion et de la pĂ©nĂ©tration du virus rabique: Interactions avec les cellules BHK 21 et des membranes artificielles, Ann. Virol. (Inst. Pasteur) 133E: 403.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pinteric, L., Fenje, P., and Almeida, J. D., 1963, The visualization of rabies virus in mouse brain, Virology 20: 208.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prabhakar, B. S., and Nathanson, N., 1981, Acute rabies death mediated by antibody, Nature(London) 290: 590.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prabhakar, B. S., Fischman, H. R., and Nathanson, N., 1981, Recovery from experimental rabies by adoptive transfer of immune cells, J. Gen. Virol. 56: 25.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reagan, K. J., and Wunner, W. H., 1985, Rabies virus interaction with various cell lines is independent of the acetylcholine receptor, Arch. Virol. 84: 277.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reddehase, M. J., Cox, J. H., and Koszinowski, U. H., 1984, Frequency analysis of cytolytic T lymphocyte precursors (CTL-P) generated in vivo during lethal rabies infection of mice. II. Rabies virus genus specificity of CTL-P, Eur. J. Immunol. 14: 1039.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Remlinger, M. P., 1903, Isolement du virus rabique par filtration, C. R. Acad. Sci. 55: 1433.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ross, E., and Armentrout, S. A., 1962, Myocarditis associated with rabies: Report of a case, N. Engl J. Med. 266: 1087.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rowlands, D., Grabau, E. A., Spindler, K., Jones, C., Semler, B., and Holland, J. J., 1980, Virus protein changes and RNA termini alterations evolving during persistent infection, Cell 19: 871.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, R. H., Gough, P., Gerlach, E. H., Dierks, R. E., Gregg, M. B., and Sikes, R., 1971, Immunoglobulin response to rabies vaccine in man, Lancet 2: 625.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schindler, R., 1961, Studies on the pathogenesis of rabies, Bull. W.H. O. 25: 119.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schindler, R., 1965, Pathogenesis of rabies infections, in: Symposium Series in Immunobiological Standardization, Vol. I, pp. 147–152, S. Karger, Basel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, L. G., 1975, Spread of virus within the central nervous system, in: The Natural History of Rabies, Vol. 1 ( G. M. Baer, ed.), pp. 199–216, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, L. G., Dietzschold, B., Dierks, R. E., Matthaeus, W., Enzmann, P. J., and Strohmaier, K., 1973, Rabies group-specific ribonucleoprotein antigen and a test system for grouping and typing of rhabdoviruses, J. Virol. 11: 748.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schuller, E., Helary, M., Allinquant, B., Gibert, C., Vachau, F., and Atanasiu, P., 1979, IgM and IgG responses in rabies encephalitis, Ann. Microbiol. (Inst. Pasteur) 130A: 365.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seganti, L., Grassi, M., Mastromarino, P., Pana, A., Superti, F., and Orsi, N., 1983, Activity of human serum lipoproteins on the infectivity of rhabdoviruses, Microbiologica 6: 91.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seif, I., Pepin, M., Blancou, J., Coulon, P., and Flamand, A., 1984, Change in pathogenicity and amino acid substitution in the glycoprotein of several spontaneous and induced mutants of the CVS strain of rabies virus, in: Nonsegmented Negative Strand Viruses ( D. H. L. Bishop and R. W. Compans, eds.), pp. 295–300, Elsevier/North-Holland, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seif, I., Coulon, P., Rollin, P., and Flamand, A., 1985, Rabies virulence: Effect on pathogenicity and sequence characterization of rabies virus mutations affecting the antigenic site III of the glycoprotein, J. Virol. 53: 926.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sikes, R. K., Cleary, W. F., Koprowski, H., Wiktor, T. J., and Kaplan, M. M., 1971, Effective protection of monkeys against death from street virus by post-exposure administration of tissue culture rabies vaccines, Bull. W.H. O. 45: 1.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J., 1981, Mouse model for abortive rabies infection of the central nervous system, Infect. Immun. 31: 297.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J. S., Yager, P. A., and Baer, G. M., 1973, A rapid reproducible test for determining rabies neutralizing antibody, Bull. W.H. O. 48: 535.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, W. B., Blenden, D. C., Fuh, T. H., and Hiller, L., 1972, Diagnosis of rabies immunofluorescent staining of frozen sections of skin, J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 161: 1495.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steele, J. H., 1975, History of rabies, in: The Natural History of Rabies, Vol. I ( G. M. Baer, ed.), pp. 1–29, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sulkin, S. E., and Allen, R., 1975, Interferon and rabies virus infection, in: The Natural History of Rabies, Vol. I ( G. M. Baer, ed.), pp. 355–369, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sung, H. H., Hayano, M., Mastri, A. R., and Okagaki, T., 1976, A case of human rabies and ultrastructure of the Negri body, J. Neuopathol. Exp. Neurol. 35: 541.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Superti, F., Seganti, L., Tsiang, H., and Orsi, N., 1984, Role of phospholipids in rhabdovirus attachment to CER cells, Arch. Virol. 81: 321.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Superti, F., Hauttaseur, B., Morelee, M.-J., Boldoni, P., Bizzini, B., and Tsiang, H., 1986, Involvement of gangliosides in rabies virus infection, J. Gen. Virol. 67: 47.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sureau, P., Portnoi, D., Rollin, P., Lapresle, C., and Chaouni-Berbich, A., 1981, Prevention de la transmission inter-humaine de la rage aprĂ©s greffe de cornĂ©e, C. R. Acad. Sci. 293: 689.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sureau, P., Rollin, P. E., and Loucq, C., 1984, Étude de la rĂ©ponse immunitaire humorale au “vaccin rabique purifiĂ© Pasteur,” aprĂ©s traitement post-exposition, Ann. Virol. (Inst. Pasteur) 135E: 277.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki, M., Kotano, T., and Yamamoto, K., 1977, Interaction of nonspecific inhibitor and rabies virus hemagglutinins, J. Gen. Virol. 36: 31.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Szlachta, H. L., and Habel, R. E., 1953, Inclusions resembling Negri bodies in the brains of nonrabid cats, Cornell Vet. 43: 207.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tangchai, P., Yenbutr, D., and Vejjajjva, A., 1970, Central nervous system lesions in human rabies: A study of twenty-four cases, J. Med. Assoc. Thailand 53: 472.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tierkel, E. S., 1959, Rabies, Adv. Vet. Sci. 5: 183.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tignor, G. H., and Shope, R. E., 1972, Vaccination and challenge of mice with viruses of the rabies serogroup, J. Infect. Dis. 125: 322.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tignor, G. H., Mifune, K., and Smith, A. L., 1976, Immunopathology of rabies, in: Symposium on Advances in Rabies Research, pp. 13–19, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsiang, H., 1974, InterfĂ©ron et rage, in: Symposium Series in Immunobiological Standardization, Vol. 21, pp. 257–264, S. Karger, Basel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsiang, H., 1978, Evidence for an intraaxonal transport of fixed and street rabies virus, J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 38: 286.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsiang, H., 1982, Neuronal function impairment in rabies-infected rat brain, J. Gen. Virol. 61: 277.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsiang, H., 1985, An in vitro study of rabies pathogenesis, Bull. Inst. Pasteur 83: 41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsiang, H., Koulakoff, A., Bizzini, B., and Berwald-Nette, Y., 1983, Neurotropism of rabies virus: An in vitro study, J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 42: 439.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tuffereau, C., Lafay, F., and Flamand, A., 1985, Biochemical analysis of rabies virus proteins in three persistently infected BHK-21 cell lines, J. Gen. Virol. 66: 159.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, G. S., 1972, Rabies vaccine and interferon, J. Hyg. (London) 70: 455.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, G. S., 1976, Thymus dependence of rabies vaccine, J. Gen. Virol. 33: 535.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, G. S., 1977, Interferon und Tollwut—eine Ubersicht, Immunitaet Infekt. 5: 1208.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, G. S., 1979, Recovery of immuno-responsiveness to rabies vaccine after treatment with cyclophosphamide, Arch. Virol. 61: 321.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, G. S., 1983, Current concepts of immunology and pathogenesis of rabies, in: Rabies: A Growing Threat ( J. R. Pattison, ed.), pp. 27–32, Van Nostrand Reinhold (UK), Wokingham, England.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, G. S., 1985, Immune response after rabies vaccination: Basic aspects, Ann. Virol.(Inst. Pasteur) 136E: 453.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, G. S., and Ballard, R., 1976, Interaction of mouse peritoneal macrophages with fixed rabies virus in vivo and in vitro, J. Gen. Virol. 30: 223.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, G. S., Aoki, F. Y., Nicholson, K. G., Tyrell, D. A. J., and Hill, L. E., 1976, Human diploid cell strain rabies vaccine: Rapid prophylatic immunization of volunteers with small doses, Lancet 1: 1379.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, G. S., Nicholson, N. G., Tyrrell, D. A. J., and Akoi, F. Y., 1982, Evaluation of a human diploid cell strain rabies vaccine: Final report of a three year study of pre-exposure immunization, J. Hyg. 89: 101.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Unanue, E. R., 1984, Antigen-presenting function of the macrophage, Annu. Rev. Immunol. 2: 395.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Villerreal, L. P., and Holland, J. J., 1976, RNA synthesis in BHK21 cells persistently infected with vesicular stomatitis virus and rabies virus, J. Gen. Virol. 33: 213.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner, R. R., Heine, J. W., Goldstein, G., and Schnaitman, C. A., 1971, Use of antiviral–anti-ferritin hybrid antibody for localization of viral antigen in plasma membrane, J. Virol. 7: 274.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Warrell, D. A., 1976, The clinical picture of rabies in man, Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 70: 188.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Warrell, M. J., Suntharasami, P., Nicholson, K. G., and Warrell, D. A., 1984, Multisite intradermal and multisite subcutaneous rabies vaccination: Improved economical regimen, Lancet 1: 874.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watson, H. D., Tignor, G. H., and Smith, A. L., 1981, Entry of rabies virus into the peripheral nerves of mice, J. Gen. Virol. 56: 371.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wiktor, T. J., 1978, Cell-mediated immunity and postexposure protection from rabies by inactivated vaccines of tissue culture origin, Dev. Biol. Stand. 40: 255.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wiktor, T. J., 1980, Virus vaccines and therapeutic approaches, in: Rhabdoviruses, Vol. III ( D. H. L. Bishop, ed.), pp. 99–112, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiktor, T. J., 1985a, Historical aspects of rabies treatment, in: World’s Debt to Pasteur ( H. Koprowski and S. A. Plotkin, eds.), pp. 141–151, Alan R. Liss, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiktor, T. J., 1985b, Is a special vaccine required against rabies-related viruses and variants of rabies?, in: Improvements in Rabies Postexposure Treatment (I. Vodopija, N. G. Nicholson, S. Smerdel, and U. Bijok, eds.), pp. 9–14, “Liber” University Press, Zargeb.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiktor, T. J., and Clark, H. F., 1972, Chronic rabies virus infection of cell cultures, Infect. Immun. 6: 988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wiktor, T. J., and Clark, H. F., 1975, Growth of rabies virus in cell cultures, in: The Natural History of Rabies, Vol. I ( G. M. Baer, ed.), pp. 155–179, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiktor, T. J., and Koprowski, H., 1980, Antigenic variants of rabies virus, J. Exp. Med. 152: 99.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wiktor, T. J., Kuwert, E. K., and Koprowski, H., 1968, Immune lysis of rabies virus-infected cells, J. Immunol. 101: 1271.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wiktor, T. J., Koprowski, H., and Rorke, L. B., 1972a, Localized rabies infection in mice, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 140: 759.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wiktor, T. J., Postic, B., Ho, M., and Koprowski, H., 1972b, Role of interferon induction in the protective activity of rabies vaccine, J. Infect. Dis. 126: 408.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wiktor, T. J., GĂżorgy, E., Schlumberger, H., Sokol, F., and Koprowski, H., 1973, Antigenic properties of rabies virus components, J. Immunol. 110: 269.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wiktor, T. J., Koprowski, H., Mitchell, J. R., and Merigan, T. C., 1976, Role of interferon in prophylaxis of rabies after exposure, J. Infect. Dis. 133: 260.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wiktor, T. J., Doherty, P. C., and Koprowski, H., 1977a, In vitro evidence of cell-mediated immunity after exposure of mice to both live and inactivated rabies virus, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74: 334.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wiktor, T. J., Dietzschold, B., Leamnson, R. N., and Koprowski, H., 1977b, Induction and biological properties of defective interfering particles of rabies virus, J. Virol. 21: 626.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wiktor, T. J., Macfarlan, R. I., and Koprowski, H., 1985, Rabies virus pathogenicity, in: Rabies in the Tropics ( E. Kuwert, C. MĂ©rieux, H. Koprowski, and K. Bögel, eds.), pp. 21–29, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Wild, T. F., and Bijlenga, G., 1981, A rabies virus persistent infection in BHK21 cells, J. Gen. Virol. 57: 169.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winkler, W. G., 1968, Airborne rabies virus isolation, J. Wildlife Dis. 4: 37.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winkler, W. G., Baker, E. F., and Hopkins, C. C., 1972, An outbreak of nonbite transmitted rabies in a laboratory animal colony, Am. J. Epidemiol. 95: 267.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winkler, W. G., Fashinell, T. R., Leffingwell, L., Howard, P., and Conomy, J. P., 1973, Airborne rabies transmission in a laboratory worker, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 226: 1219.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winkler, L. G., Shaddock, J. H., and Williams, L. W., 1976, Oral rabies vaccine: Evaluation of its infectivity in three species of rodents, Am. J. Epidemiol. 104: 294.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wunner, W. H., 1982, Is the acetylcholine receptor a rabies virus receptor?, Trends NeuroSci. 5: 413.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wunner, W. H., and Clark, H F., 1980, Regeneration of DI particles of virulent and attenuated rabies virus: Genome characterization and lack of correlation with virulence phenotype, J. Gen. Virol. 51: 69.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wunner, W. H., Dietzschold, B., Curtis, P. J., and Wiktor, T. J., 1983, Rabies subunit vaccines, J. Gen. Virol. 64: 1649.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wunner, W. H., Reagan, K. J., and Koprowski, H., 1984, Characterization of saturable binding sites for rabies virus, J. Virol. 50: 691.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yelverton, E., Norton, S., Obijeski, J. F., and Goeddel, D. V., 1983, Rabies virus glycoprotein analysis: Biosynthesis in Escherichia coli, Science 219: 614.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. The Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA

    William H. Wunner

Authors
  1. William H. Wunner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Microbiology and Cancer Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 22908, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA

    Robert R. Wagner

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1987 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Wunner, W.H. (1987). Rabies Viruses—Pathogenesis and Immunity. In: Wagner, R.R. (eds) The Rhabdoviruses. The Viruses. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-7032-1_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-7032-1_9

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-7034-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-7032-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation