Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Systemic therapy of skin carcinoma

  • Chapter
Concepts, Mechanisms, and New Targets for Chemotherapy

Part of the book series: Cancer Treatment and Research ((CTAR,volume 78))

Abstract

Skin cancers account for over 750,000 new cases of cancer per year, the majority of which are basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) and squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) [1]. Most of these cancers are easily treated and cured via a primary resection by a surgeon or dermatologist. A small portion of these, however, become locally aggressive or even metastasize. This infrequent event (approximately 25,000 cases per year) presents a difficult challenge to the oncologist in view of the few small studies that have dealt with this problem. In contrast, the aggressive behavior of malignant melanoma has given rise to its separate staging system and the overwhelming number of clinical studies conducted during the last several decades [2]. Other types of skin cancers include cutaneous lymphomas and mycosis fungoids, sweat gland carcinomas, dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, and the recent HIV-associated Kaposi’s sarcomas [3–6]. The reader is directed to the referenced reviews concerning those tumors not covered herein. This chapter will consider carcinomas of the skin, i.e., SCC, BCC, and the aggressive small cell Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Boring CC, Sguires TS, Tong T, Montgomery S. Cancer statistics—1994. Ca-A J Clin 44(l):7–26, 1994.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Kirkwood JM, Agarwala SS. Systemic cytotoxic and biologic therapy of melanoma. PPO Updates, 7:1–16, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Joly P, Charlotte F, Leibowitch M. Cutaneous lymphomas other than Mycosis Fungoides: follow-up study of 52 patients. J Clin Oncol 9:1994–2001, 1991.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Shapiro PE, Pinto FJ. The histologic spectrum of mycosis fungiodes/Sezary syndrome (cutaneous T-cell lymphoma). A review of 222 biopsies, including newly described patterns and the earliest pathologic changes. Am J Surg Pathol 18(7):645–667, 1994.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Okada N, Ota J, Satok, Kitano Y. Metastasizing eccrine sweat gland carcinoma—Report of a case. Arch Dermatol 120:768–769, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Gill PS, Hamilton A, Naidu Y. Epidemic of (AIDS-related) Kaposi’s sarcoma, submitted.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Glass AG, Hoover RN. The emerging epidemic of melanoma and squamous cell skin cancer. JAMA 262:2097–2100, 1989.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Kwa R, Campana K, Moy RL. Continuing medical education; biology of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 26(1):1–26, 1992.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Johnson TM, Rowe DE, Nelson BR, Swanson NA. Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin (excluding lip and oral mucosa). J Am Acad Dermatol 26:467–484, 1992.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Stern RS, Lairo N, Melski J, Parrish JA, Fitzpatrick TB, Bleich HL. Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in patients treated with PUVA. N Engl J Med 310:1156–1161, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Cleaver JE, Bootsma D. Xeroderma pigmentosum: biochemical and genetic characteristics. Annu Rev Genet 9:19–38, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Brash DE, Rudolph JA, Simon JA. A role for sunlight in skin cancer: UV-induced p53 mutations in squamous cell carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:10124–10128, 1991.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Pott P. Chirurgical Observations Relative to the Cataract, the Polypus of the Nose, the Cancer of the Scrotum, and Different Kinds of Ruptures, and Mortification of the Toes and Feet. London, Hawes, Clark, Collins: 1775, pp 63–68.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Yeh S: Relative incidence of skin cancer in Chinese in Taiwan: with special reference to arsenical cancer. Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 10:81–102, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Paris JA. Pharmacologia 3rd Ed. 1820.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Hutchinson J. Arsenic cancer. Br Med J 2:1280, 1887.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Neubauer O. Arsenical cancer: a review. Br J Cancer 1:192–245, 1947.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Arons MS, Rodin AE, Lynch JB. Scar tissue carcinoma: II. An experimental study with special reference to burn scar carcinoma. Ann Surg 163:445–460, 1966.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Sedlin ED, Fleming JL. Epidermoid carcinoma arising in chronic osteomyelitic foci. J Bone Joint Surg 45-A:827–838, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Yamaji K. Squamous cell carcinoma developing in thermal keratosis. J Dermatol (Tokyo) 15:180–183, 1988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Pack GD, Davis J. Radiation cancer of the skin. Radiology 84:436–442, 1965.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Marshall V. Premalignant and malignant lesions in immunosuppressed patients. Transplantation 17:272–275, 1974.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Penn I. Immunosuppression and skin cancer. Clin Plast Surg 7:361–368, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Chernosky ME. Squamous and basal cell carcinomas: preliminary study of 3817 primary skin cancers. South Med J 71:802–803, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Lund HZ. How often does squamous cell carcinoma of the skin metastasize? Arch Dermatol 92:635–637, 1965.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Rowe DE, Carroll RJ, Day CL Jr. Long-term recurrence rates in previously untreated (primary) basal cell carcinoma: implications for patient follow-up. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 15(3):315–328, 1989.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Broders AC. Squamous cell epithelioma of the skin. Ann Surg 73:141–160, 1921.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Friedman H, Friedman HI, Cooper PH. Prognostic and therapeutic use of microstaging of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the trunk and extremities. Cancer 56:1099–1105, 1985.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Breuninger H, Black G, Rassner G. Microstaging of squamous cell carcinomas. Am J Clin Pathol 94:624–627, 1990.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Mendenhall WM, Parsons JT, Mendenhall NP. Cancer of the skin of the head and neck with perineural invasion. Head Neck Surg 11:301–308, 1989.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Petrovich Z, Parker RG, Luxton G. Carcinoma of the lip and selected sites of head and neck skin. A clinical study of 896 patients. Radiother Oncol 8:11–17, 1987.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Petrovich Z, Kuisk H, Langholz B. Treatment results and patterns of failure in 646 patients with carcinoma of the eyelids, pinna, and nose. Am J Surg 154:447–450, 1987.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Fischback AJ, Sause WT, Plenk HT. Radiation therapy for skin cancer. Western J Med 133:379–382, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Beahrs OH, Henson DE, Hutter RV.P(ed). Manual for Staging of Cancer, fourth ed. J.B. Lippincott Company: Philadelphia, 1989, pp 133–137.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Theriault RL. Hypercalcemia of malignancy: pathophysiology and implications for treatment. Oncology 7:47–50, 1993.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Ikeda S, Hamamatsu T, Ishihara K. Effect of bleomycin on skin cancer. Gann 19: 235–254, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Guthrie TH Jr, Porubsky ES. Successful systemic chemotherapy of advanced squamous and basal cell carcinoma of the skin with cis-diamminedichloroplatinum II and doxorubicin. Laryngoscope 92:1298–1299, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Guthrie TH Jr, McElveen LJ, Porubsky ES. Cisplatin and doxorubicin: an effective chemotherapy combination in the treatment of advanced basal cell and squamous carcinoma of the skin. Cancer 55:1629–1632, 1985.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Guthrie TH Jr, Porubsky ES, Luxenberg MN. Cisplatin-based chemotherapy in advanced basal and squamous cell carcinomas of the skin: results in 28 patients including 13 patients receiving multimodality therapy. J Clin Oncol 8(2):342–346, 1990.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Sadek H, Azli N, Wendling JL. Treatment of advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the skin with cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, and bleomycin. Cancer 66:1692–1696, 1990.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Lippman SM, Parkinson SM, Itri LM. 13-cis-Retinoic acid and Interferon αz-2a: effective combination therapy for advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. J Natl Cancer Inst 84(4):235–241, 1992.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Dmitrovsky E, Bosl GJ. Active cancer therapy combining 13-cis-retinoic acid with interferon-α. J Natl Cancer Inst 84(4):218–219, 1992.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Carter DM, Lin AN. Basal Cell Carcinoma. In Fitzpatrick TB et al. (eds), Dermatology in General Medicine, 4th ed. McGraw-Hill: New York, 1993, pp. 840–847.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Jacob A. Observations respecting an ulcer of peculiar characteristics which attacks the lids and other parts of the face. Dublin Hospital Rep 4:232–239, 1827.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Beadles CF. Rodent ulcer. Trans Pathol Soc 45:176–181, 1894.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Sober AJ. Diagnosis and management of skin cancer. Cancer 51:2448–2452, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Farmer ER, Helwig EB. Metastatic basal cell carcinoma: a clinicopathologic study of seventeen cases. Cancer 46:748–757, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Michaelsson G, Olsson E, Westermark P. The Rombo syndrome: a familial disorder with vermiculate atrophoderma, milia, hypotrichosis, trichoepitheliomas, basal cell carcinomas and peripheral vasodilation with cyanosis. Acta Dermatovener (Stockh) 61:497–503, 1981.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Bazex A, Dupre A, Chrisrol B. Atrophodermie folliculaire, proliferations basocellulaires et hypotrichose. Ann Dermatol Syphiligr (Paris), 93:241, 1966.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Clendenning WE, Block J, Radde IC. Basal cell nevus syndrome. Arch Dermatol 90:38–53, 1964.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Chan GL, Little JB. Cultured diploid fibroblasts from patients with the nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome are hypersensitive to killing by ionizing radiation. Am J Pathol 111:50–55, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Sitz KV, Keppen M, Johnson DF. Metastatic basal cell carcinoma in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related complex. JAMA 257:340–343, 1987.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Slazinski L, Stall JR, Mathews CR. Basal cell carcinoma in a man with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol 11:140–141, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Cooper M, Pinkus H. Intrauterine transplantation of rat basal cell carcinoma as model for reconversion of malignant to benign growth. Cancer Res 37:2544–2548, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Rowe DE, Carroll RJ, Day CL Jr. Mohs surgery is the treatment of choice for recurrent (previously treated) basal cell carcinoma. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 15(4):424–431, 1989.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Dzubow LM. Metastatic basal cell carcinoma originating in the supra-parotid region. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 12:1306–1308, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. von Domarus H, Stevens PJ. Metastatic basal cell carcinoma-report of five cases and review of 170 cases in the literature. J Am Acad Dermatol 10:1043–1060, 1984.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Tsuji T. Bleomycin iontophoresis therapy for verrucous carcinoma. Arch Dermatol 127: 973–975, 1991.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Hayasaki K, Kitamuka T, Kaneko T. Application of BLM-iontophoresis for the tumor therapy of the head and neck area. J Jpn Soc Cancer Ther 12(4):522–527, 1977.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Smith KJ, Konzelman JL, Lombardo FA, et al. Iontophoresis of vinblastine into normal skin and for treatment of Kaposi’s sarcoma in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients. Arch Dermatol 128:1365–1370, 1992.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Chang BK, Guthrie TH Jr, Hayakawa K. A pilot study of iontophoretic cisplatin chemotherapy of basal and squamous cell carcinomas of the skin. Arch Dermatol 129:425–427, 1993.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Kurtis B, Rosen T. Treatment of cutaneous neoplasms by intralesional injection of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). J Dermatol Surg Oncol 6:122–127, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Orenberg EK, Miller BH, Greenway HT. The effect of intralesional 5-fluorouracil therapeutic implant (MPI 5003) for treatment of basal cell carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 27:723–728, 1992.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Cornell RC, Greenway HT, Tucker SB. Intralesional interferon therapy for basal cell carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol ●●694-700, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Greenway HT, Cornell RC, Tanner DJ. Treatment of basal cell carcinoma with intralesional interferon. J Am Acad Dermatol ●●: 15:437–443, 1986.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Gormley DE. Interferon study lacked controls. J Am Acad Dermatol 16:885–886, 1987.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Ikic D, Padovan I, Pipic, M. Basal cell carcinoma treated with interferon. Int J Dermatol 30(10):734–737, 1991.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Thank B, Habets JMW, Naffs B. Intralesional treatments of basal cell carcinomas with low-dose recombinant interferon gamma. J Am Acad Dermatol 21:734–735, 1989.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Boneschi V, Brambilla L, Mozzanica N. Treatment of basal cell carcinomas with intralesional alpha 2B recombinant interferon. J Invest Dermatol 93:542–543, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Reitamo S, Komulainen M, Lilius P. Treatment of basal cell carcinomas with intralesional interferon alpha-2B. J Invest Dermatol 93:572, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Fitzpatrick PJ, Thompson GA, Eastbrook WM. Basal and squamous cell carcinoma of the eyelids and their treatment by radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 10:449–454, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Luxenberg MN, Guthrie TH. Chemotherapy of basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma of the eyelids and periorbital tissues. Ophthalmology 93:504–510, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Morley M, Finger PT, Perun M. Cis-platinum chemotherapy for ocular basal cell carcinoma. Br J Ophthalmol 75:407–410, 1991.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Neudorfer M, Merimsky D, Lazar M. Cisplatin and doxorubicin for invasive basal cell carcinoma of the eyelids. Ann Ophthalmol 25:11–13, 1993.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Lattes R, Kesssler RW. Metastasizing basal cell epithelioma of the skin — a report of two cases. Cancer 4:866–878, 1951.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Cotran RS. Metastasizing basal cell carcinomas. Cancer 14:1436–1440, 1961.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Paver K, Poyzer K, Burry N. The incidence of basal cell carcinoma and their metastases in Australia and New Zealand. Australian J Dermatol 14:53, 1973.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Safai B, Good RA. Basal cell carcinoma with metastases. Arch Pathol Lab Med 101: 327–331, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. van Scott EJ, Shaw EJ, Crouse RQ. Effects of methotrexate on basal-ell carcinomas. Arch Dermatol 82:762–771, 1960.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Hall TE, Tappan WM, Decker JW. Basal cell carcinoma with metastases: report of two cases. Rocky Mt Med J 67:39–40, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Chien WL. Basal cell carcinoma with metastases to bone and lung. Va Med Monogr 93:14–17, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Assor D. Basal cell carcinoma with metastasis to bone: report of two cases. Cancer 20:2125–2132, 1967.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Costanza ME, Dayal Y, Binder S. Metastatic basal cell carcinoma: review, report of a case, and chemotherapy. Cancer 34:230–235, 1974.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Salem P, Hall S, Benjamin RS. Clinical phase I-II study of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II) given by continuous iv infusion. Cancer Treatment Rep 62(10):1553–1555, 1978.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Woods RL, Stewart JF. Metastatic basal cell carcinoma: report of a case responding to chemotherapy. Postgrad Med J 56:272–273, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Coker DD, Elias EG, Viravathana T. Chemotherapy for metastatic basal cell carcinoma. Arch Dermatol 119:44–50, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Wieman TJ, Shively EH, Woodcock TM. Responsiveness of metastatic basal-cell carcinoma to chemotherapy — a case report. Cancer 52:1583–1585, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Chawla SP, Benjamin RS, Ayala AQ. Advanced basal cell carcinoma and successful treatment with chemotherapy. J Surg Oncol 40:68–72, 1989.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Pfeiffer P, Hansen O, Rose C. Systemic cytotoxic therapy of basal cell carcinoma. Eur J Cancer 26(l):73–77, 1990.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Toker C. Traebecular carcinoma of the skin. Arch Dermatol 105:107–110, 1972.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. DeWolf-Peeters C, Marien K, Mebis J. A cutaneous APUDoma or Merkel cell tumor? Cancer 46:1810–1816, 1980.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  92. Shaw JHF, Rumball E. Merkel cell tumour: clinical behaviour and treatment. Br J Surg 78:138–142, 1991.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Raaf JH, Urmacher C, Knapper WK. Trabecular (Merkel cell) carcinoma of the skin. Cancer 57:178–182, 1986.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Yiengpruksawan A, Coit DG, Thaler HT. Merkel cell carcinoma-prognosis and management. Arch Surg 126:1514–1519, 1991.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Hitchcock CL, Bland KI, Laney RG, 3rd. Neuroendocrine (Merkel cell) carcinoma of the skin. Ann Surg 207:201–207, 1988.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Merkel FS. Tastzellen und Taskorperchen bei den Hausthieren und beim Menschen. Arch Mikr Anat 11:636, 1875.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  97. Winkelmann RK, Breathnach AS. The Merkel cell. J Invest Dermatol 60:2–15, 1973.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Tang C-K, Toker C. Traebecular carcinoma of the skin—an ultrasound study. Cancer 42:2311–2321, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Pollack SV, Gosien JB. Small cell neuroepithelial Tumor of Skin: A Merkel cell neoplasm. J Dermatol Surg One 8:116–121, 1982.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Merot Y. Is the neroendocrine carcinoma of the skin a Merkel cell tumor? What we can learn from immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies. Int J Dermatol 29(2):102–104, 1990.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Kerl H, Soyer HP. Cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma-Merkel cell. In Fitzpatrick TB et al. (eds), Dermatology in General Medicine, 4th ed. McGraw-Hill: New York, 1993, pp 898–902.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Remick SC, Hafez R, Carbone PP. Extrapulmonary small cell carcinoma-a review of the literature with emphasis on therapy and outcome. Medicine 66:457–471, 1987.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Winkelmann RK. The Merkel cell system and a comparison between it and the neurosecretory or APUD cell system. J Invest Dermatol 69:41–46, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Wick MR, Goellner JR, Scheithamer BW. Primary neuroendocrine carcinomas of the skin (Merkel cell tumors). Am J Clin Pathol 79:6–13, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Gould VE, Moll R, Moll I. Neuroendocrine (Merkel) cells of the skin: hyperplasias, dysplasias, and neoplasms. Lab Invest 52:334–353, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Pilotti S, Rilke F, Lombardi L. Neuroendocrine (Merkel cell) carcinoma of the skin. Am J Surg Path 243–254, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Pacella J, Ashby M, Ainslie J. The role of radiotherapy in the management of primary cutaneous neuroendocrine tumors (Merkel cell or traebecular carcinoma). experience at the Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute (Melbourne, Australia). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 14:1077–1084, 1988.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Morrison WH, Peters LJ, Silva EG. The essential role of radiation therapy in securing locoregional control of Merkel cell carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 19:583–591, 1990.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Marks ME, Kim RY, Salter MM. Radiotherapy as an adjunct in the management of Merkel cell carcinoma. Cancer 65:60–64, 1990.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Goepfert H, Remmler D, Silva E, Lipzstein R, Cohen S. Merkel cell carcinoma (endocrine carcinoma of the skin) of the head and neck. Arch Otolaryngol 110:707–712, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Crown J, et al. Chemotherapy of metastatic Merkel cell cancer. Cancer Invest 9:129–132, 1991.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Taxy JB, Ettinger DS, Wharam MD. Primary small cell carcinoma of the skin. Cancer 46:2308–2311, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. George TK, di Sant Agnese A, Bennett JM. Chemotherapy of metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma. Cancer 56:1034–1038, 1985.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Grosh WW, Siannom L, Hande KR. Disseminated Merkel cell tumor: treatment with systemic chemotherapy. Am J Clin Oncol 10:227–230, 1987.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Wynne CJ, Kearsley HJ. Merkel cell tumor—a chemosensitive skin cancer. 62:28–31, 1988.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Feun LG, Savaraj N, Lesha SS, et al. Chemotherapy for metastatic Merkel Cell Carcinoma. Review of the M.D. Anderson Hospitals Experience. Cancer 62:683–685, 1988.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Davis MP, Miller EM, Ran RG. The use of VP-16 and cisplatin in the treatment of Merkel cell carcinoma. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 16(3):276–278, 1990.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Redmond J III, Perry J, Sowray P. Chemotherapy of disseminated Merkel-cell carcinoma. Am J Clin Oncol 14(4):305–307, 1991.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Sharma D, Flora G, Grunberg SM. Chemotherapy of metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma: case report and review of the literature. Am J Clin Oncol 14:166–169, 1991.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Azagury M, Chevalolier B, Atlan D. VP-16, cisplatin, doxorubicin, and bleomycin in metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma. Am J Clin Oncol 16(2):102–104, 1993.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Dirix LY, Prove A, Becguart D. Tumor lysis syndrome in a patient with metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma. Cancer 67:2207–2210, 1991.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Fenig E, Lurie H, Klein B. The treatment of advanced Merkel cell carcinoma. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 19:860–864, 1993.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Raymond A. Kempf
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Southern California Cancer Center, USA

    F. M. Muggia

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1995 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kempf, R.A. (1995). Systemic therapy of skin carcinoma. In: Muggia, F.M. (eds) Concepts, Mechanisms, and New Targets for Chemotherapy. Cancer Treatment and Research, vol 78. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2007-8_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2007-8_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-5829-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-2007-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation