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Prostate Stem Cells, Hormones, and Development

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Stem Cells and Prostate Cancer

Abstract

While it is established that prostate cancer is a hormone-dependent ­disease, the cell(s) of origin of prostate cancer, i.e., the tumor-initiating cells, is still in debate. Strong evidence has emerged which indicates that prostate cancer can originate from both basal and luminal epithelial cell populations. In addition, prostate epithelial stem cells are candidates for the tumor-initiating cell based on work in hematopoietic and breast cancers and because of the growing acceptance of the cancer stem cell paradigm. To appreciate the interrelationships between the multiple cells of origin of prostate cancer, it may be necessary to first fully understand the prostate stem cell differentiation lineage during normal development and adult tissue maintenance as well as the factors that regulate stem cell self-renewal and lineage commitment. Recent advances in stem cell research have permitted isolation of prostate stem cells and shed light on the hierarchical relationship between the epithelial stem cells and their differentiated lineage. Furthermore, prostate cancer stem cells have been isolated and characterized from several prostate tumors which may provide an explanation for the known clinical and molecular heterogeneity of human prostate cancers. Although prostate stem cells and prostate cancer stem cells appear to be androgen receptor negative, new findings have established key roles for several other hormones in regulating prostate stem cells and their niche. Together, this new knowledge should allow for greater insight into the details of prostate development and to increased understanding of prostate cancer initiation and progression. In this chapter we will highlight recent advances in hormone modulation of prostate stem cells and their early progeny in development, normal tissue homeostasis, and cancer.

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the assistance of several individuals for their generous contributions towards data highlighted in this text: Dr. Susan Kasper (University of Cincinnati) and Dr. Larisa Nonn (University of Illinois at Chicago) for provisions of cells; Dr. Steve Swanson (University of Illinois at Chicago) for GHR and IGF-1R analysis; Dr. Guang-Bin Shi, Dan-Ping Hu, and Jacqueline Rinaldi for technical assistance; and Lynn Birch for editorial assistance. The research is supported by NIH grant RC2 ES018758.

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  1. Department of Urology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 820 South Wood Street, (M/C955) Suite 132, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA

    Gail S. Prins Ph.D. & Wen-Yang Hu Ph.D.

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  1. Gail S. Prins Ph.D.
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  2. Wen-Yang Hu Ph.D.
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Correspondence to Gail S. Prins Ph.D. .

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  1. Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, N/A, Aurora, 80045, Colorado, USA

    Scott D. Cramer

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Prins, G.S., Hu, WY. (2013). Prostate Stem Cells, Hormones, and Development. In: Cramer, S. (eds) Stem Cells and Prostate Cancer. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6498-3_1

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