Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Cellular Basis of Ischemic Acute Renal Failure

  • Chapter
Physiology of Membrane Disorders

Abstract

It has long been recognized that obstruction of the blood supply to the normothermic kidney for periods of greater than 1 hr will almost invariably result in tubular necrosis and the clinical picture of acute renal failure. As the duration of arterial obstruction increases from 30 to 60 min, the proportion of kidneys that suffer damage increases, as does the extensiveness of damage. In the past few years there has been heightened interest in the nature of the lesion(s) caused by ischemia which results in irreversible cell injury even if blood flow to the kidney is restored. Identifying the critical change or changes that doom the cell to certain death will not only add to our knowledge of cellular physiology but possibly provide the basis for therapeutic interventions aimed at preventing or delaying the onset of the irreversible change(s). It is this latter hope that has done much to stimulate research.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Bonventre, J. V. 1984. Cell response to ischemia. In: Acute Renal Failure: Correlations between Morphology and Function. K. Solez and A. Whetton, eds. Dekker, New York. pp. 195–217.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Chaudry, I. H., M. G. Clemens, and A. E. Baue. 1981. Alterations in cell function with ischemia and shock and their correction. Arch. Surg. 116: 1309–1317.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Gaudio, K. M., M. R. Taylor, I. H. Chaudry, M. Kashgarian, and N. J. Siegel. 1982. Accelerated recovery of single nephron function by the post–ischemic infusion of ATP-MgCl2. Kidney Int. 22: 13–20.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Siegel, N. J., W. B. Glazier, I. H. Chaudry, K. M. Gaudio, B. Lytton, A. E. Baue, and M. Kashgarian. 1980. Enhanced recovery from acute renal failure by the postischemic infusion of adenine nucleotides and magnesium chloride in rats. Kidney Int. 17: 338–349.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Bore, P. J., P. Sehr, L. Chan, K. Thulborn, B. D. Ross, andG. K. Radda. 1981. The importance of pH in renal preservation. Transplant. Proc. 13: 707–708.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Patak, R. V., S. Z. Fadem, M. D. Lifschitz, and J. H. Stein. 1979. Study of factors which modify the development of norepinephrineinduced acute renal failure in the dog. Kidney Int. 15: 227–237.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Dahlager, J. I., and T. Bilde. 1979. Renographic evaluation of kidney preservation with chlorpromazine. J. Nucl. Med. 20: 18–25.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Solez, K., T. Ideura, C. B. Silvia, B. Hamilton, and H. Saito. 1980. Clonidine after renal ischemia to lessen acute renal failure and microvascular damage. Kidney Int. 18: 309–322.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. DeTorrente, A., P. D. Miller, R. E. Cronin, P. E. Paulsen, A. L. Erickson, and R. W. Schrier. 1978. Effects of furosemide and acetylcholine in norepinephrine-induced acute renal failure. Am. J. Physiol. 235: F131–F136.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Hanley, M. J., and K. Davidson. 1981. Prior mannitol and furosemide infusion in a model of ischemic acute renal failure. Am. J. Physiol. 241. F556–F560.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Abel, R. M., C. H. Beck, W. M. Abbott, J. A. Ryan, Jr., G. O. Barnett, and J. E. Fisher. 1973. Improved survival from acute renal failure after treatment with intravenous essential l-amino acids and glucose. N. Engl. J. Med. 288: 695–699.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Fernando, A. R., D. M. G. Armstrong, J. R. Briffiths, W. F. Hendry, E. P. N. O’Donaghue, J. P. Ward, L. E. Watkinson, and J. E. A. Wickham. 1976. Enhanced preservation of the ischemic kidney with inosine. Lancet 1: 555–557.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Marberger, M., R. Gunther, P. Aiken, W. Rumpf, and M. Ranc. 1980. Inosine: Alternative of adjunct to regional hypothermia in the prevention of postischemic renal failure. Eur. Urol. 6: 95–102.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Boyer, D., R. D. Green, G. M. Collins, andN. A. Halasz. 1979. Pharmacologic protection of rabbit kidneys from normothermic ischemia. Curr. Surg. 36: 365–367.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Burke, T. J., R. E. Cronin, K. L. Bunchin, L. Peterson, andR. W. Schrier. 1980. Ischemia and tubule obstruction during acute renal failure in dogs: Mannitol in protection. Am. J. Physiol. 238. F305–F314.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Cronin, R. E., A. DeTorrente, P. D. Miller, R. E. Bulger, T. J. Burke, and R. W. Schrier. 1978. Pathogenic mechanisms in early norepinephrine-induced acute renal failure: Functional and histological correlates of protection. Kidney Int. 14: 115–125.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Flores, J., D. R. DiBona, C. H. Beck, and A. Leaf. 1972. The role of cell swelling in ischemic renal damage and the protective effect of hypertonic solute. J. Clin. Invest. 51: 118–126.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Toledo-Pereyra, L. H., V. R. Ramakrishnan, and M. Zammit. 1979. Study of the protective effect of methylprednisolone, furosemide, and mannitol on ischemically damaged kidneys. Eur. Surg. Res. 11: 179–184.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Frega, N. S., D. R. DiBona, and A. Leaf. 1979. The protection of renal function from ischemic injury in the rat. Pfluegers Arch. 381: 159–164.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Solez, K., R. J. D’Agostini, L. Stawowy, M. T. Freedman, W. W. Scott, Jr., S. S. Siegelman, and R. H. Heptinstall. 1977. Beneficial effect of propranolol in a histologically appropriate model of post-ischemic acute renal failure. Am. J. Pathol. 88: 163–192.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Mauk, R. H., R. V. Patak, S. Z. Fadem, M. D. Lifschitz, and J. H. Stein. 1977. Effect of prostaglandin E administration in a nephrotoxic and a vasoconstrictor model of acute renal failure. Kidney Int. 12: 122–130.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Huland, H., H. J. Augustin, and T. Engels. 1981. The influence of angiotensin II antagonist postischemic acute renal failure. Urol. Int. 36: 15–22.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Bonventre, J. V., C. D. Malis, J. Y. Cheung, and A. Leaf. 1982. Mechanisms of protection of verapamil in norepinephrine-induced acute renal failure. Clin. Res. 30: 538a.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Burke, T. J., P. E. Arnold, and R. W. Schrier. 1981. A role for intracellular calcium in the pathogenesis of norepinephrine (NE)-induced acute renal failure (ARF). Clin. Res. 29: 457a.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Mudge, G. H., and G. G. Duggin. 1980. The symposium on drug effect on the kidney. Kidney Int. 18: 539–711.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Schrodinger, E. 1956. What Is Life? Cambridge University Press, London, 1944; Doubleday, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Ames, A., III, and F. B. Nesbett. 1983. Pathophysiology of ischemic cell death. I. Time of onset of irreversible damage; importance of different components of the ischemic insult. Stroke 14: 219–226.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Coleman, S. E., J. Duggan, and R. L. Hackett. 1974. Freeze-fracture studies of changes in nuclei isolated from ischemic rat kidney. Tissue Cell 6: 521–534.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Cuppage, F. E., D. R. Neagoy, and A. Tate. 1967. Repair of the nephron following temporary occlusion of the renal pedicle. Lab. Invest. 17: 660–674.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Donahoe, J. F., M. A. Venkatachalam, D. B. Bernard, and N. G. Levinsky. 1978. Tubular leakage arid obstruction after renal ischemia: Structure-function correlations. Kidney Int. 13: 208–222.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Ginn, F. L., J. D. Shelbourne, and B. F. Trump. 1968. Disorders of cell volume regulations. I. Effects of inhibition of plasma membrane adenosine triphosphatase with ouabain. Am. J. Pathol. 53: 1041–1071.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Glaumann, B., H. Glaumann, I. K. Berezesky, andB. F. Trump. 1977. Studies on cellular recovery from injury. II. Ultrastructural studies on the recovery of the pars convoluta of the proximal tubule of the rat kidney from temporary ischemia. Virchows Arch. B 24: 1–18.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Kreisberg, J. I., R. E. Bulger, B. F. Trump, and R. B. Nagle. 1976. Effect of transient hypotension on the structure function of rat kidney. Virchows Arch. B 22: 121–133.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Mergner, W. J., S. H. Chang, and B. F. Trump. 1976. Studies on the pathogenesis of ischemic cell injury. V. Morphologic changes of the pars con voluta (P1 and P2) of the proximal tubule of rat kidney made ischemic in vitro. Virchows Arch. B 21: 211–228.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Reimer, K. A., C. E. Ganote, and R. B. Jennings. 1972. Alterations in renal cortex following ischemic injury. III. Ultrastructure of proximal tubules after ischemia or autolysis. Lab. Invest. 26: 347–363.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Trump, B. F., J. M. Strum, andR. E. Bulger. 1974. Studies on the pathogenesis of ischemic cell injury. I. Relation between ion and water shifts and cell ultrastructure in rat kidney slices during swelling at 0-4°C. Virchows Arch. B 16: 1–34.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. DiBona, D. R., and W. J. Powell. 1980. Quantitative correlation between cell swelling and necrosis in myocardial ischemia in dogs. Circ. Res. 47: 653–665.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Lemasters, J. J., S. Ji, and R. G. Thurman. 1981. Centrilobular injury following low–flow hypoxia in isolated, perfused rat liver. Science 213: 661.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Laiho, K. A., J. D. Shelbourne, andB. F. Trump. 1971. Observations on cell volume, ultrastructure, mitochondrial conformation and vital dye uptake in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Am. J. Pathol. 65: 203–229.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Kim, S. V. 1975. Brain hypoxia studied in mouse central nervous system cultures. I. Sequential cellular changes. Lab. Invest. 33: 658–669.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Trump, B. F., K. A. Laiho, W. J. Mergner, and A. V. Arstila. 1974. Studies on the subcellular pathophysiology of acute lethal cell injury. Beitr. Pathol. 152: 243–271.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Trump, B. F., I. K. Berezesky, Y. Collan, M. W. Kahng, and W. J. Mergner. 1976. Recent studies on the pathophysiology of ischemic cell injury. Beitr. Pathol. Bd. 158: 363–388.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Trump, B. F., W. J. Mergner, M. W. Kahng, and A. J. Saladino. 1976. Studies on the subcellular pathophysiology of ischemia. Circulation 53 (Suppl. 1): I17–I26.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Frega, N. S., D. R. DiBona, B. Guertler, and A. Leaf. 1976. Ischemic renal injury. Kidney Int. 10: S17–S25.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Leaf, A. 1956. On the mechanism of fluid exchange of tissues in vitro. Biochem. J. 62: 241–248.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Leaf, A. 1959. Maintenance of concentration gradients and regulation of cell volume. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 72: 396–404.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Jewell, S. A., G. Bellomo, H. Thor, S. Orrenius, and M. T. Smith. 1982. Bleb formation in hepatocytes during drug metabolism is caused by disturbances in thiol and calcium ion homeostasis. Science 217: 1257–1258.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Dedman, J. R., B. R. Brinkley, and A. R. Means. 1979. Regulation of microfilaments and microtubules by calcium and cyclic AMP. Adv. Cyclic Nucleotide Res. 11: 131–174.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Frega, N. S., D. R. DiBona, and A. Leaf. 1980. Enhancement of recovery from experimental ischemic acute renal failure. In: Renal Pathophysiology—Recent Advances. A. Leaf, G. Giebisch, L. Bolis, and S. Gorini, eds. Raven Press, New York. pp. 203–212.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Zollinger, H. E. 1948. Cytologic studies with the phase microscope. I. The formation of ‘blisters’ on cell in suspension (potocytosis) with observations on the nature of the cellular membrane. Am. J. Pathol. 24: 545–567.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Kreisberg, J. I., J. W. Mills, J. A. Jarrell, C. A. Rabito, and A. Leaf. 1980. Protection of cultured renal tubular epithelial cells from anoxic cell swelling and cell death. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77: 5445–5447.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Horster, M. 1979. Primary culture of mammalian nephron epithelia: Requirements for cell outgrowth and proliferation from defined explanted nephron segments. Pfluegers Arch. 383: 209–215.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Venkatachalam, M. A., D. B. Bernard, J. F. Donahoe, andN. G. Levinsky. 1978. Ischemic damage and repair in the rat proximal tubules: Differences among the S1, S2 and S3 segments. Kidney Int. 14: 31–49.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Glaumann, B., H. Glaumann, I. K. Berezesky, and B. F. Trump. 1975. Studies on the pathogenesis of ischemic cell injury. II. Morphological changes of the pars convoluta (P1 and P2) of the proximal tubule of the rat kidney made ischemic in vivo. Virchows Arch. B 19: 281–302.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Glaumann, B., and B. F. Trump. 1975. Studies on the pathogenesis of ischemic cell injury. III. Morphological changes of the proximal pars recta tubules of the rat kidney made ischemic in vivo. Virchows Arch. B 19: 303–323.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Trump, B. F., andK. A. Laiho. 1975. Studies of cellular recovery from injury. I. Recovery from anoxia in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Lab. Invest. 33: 706–711.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Gravela, E., G. Poli, E. Albano, and M. V. Dianzanni. 1977. Studies on fatty liver with isolated hepatocytes. Exp. Mol. Pathol. 27: 339–352.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Hackenbrock, C. R. 1966. II. Electron transport-linked ultrastructural mechanical activity in mitochondria. I. Reversible ultrastructural changes with change in metabolic steady state in isolated liver mitochondria. J. Cell Biol. 30: 269–297.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Hackenbrock, C. R. 1968. II. Electron transport-linked ultrastructural transformations in mitochondria. J. Cell Biol. 37: 345–369.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Hackenbrock, C. R., T. G. Rehn, E. C. Weinbach, and J. J. Lemasters. 1971. Oxidative phosphorylation and ultrastructural transformation in mitochondria in the intact ascites tumor cell. J. Cell Biol. 51: 123–137.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Lehninger, A. L. 1975. Biochemistry, 2nd ed. Worth Publishing, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Somlyo, A. P., A. V. Somlyo, and H. Shuman. 1981. Electron probe analysis of vascular smooth muscle: Composition of mito–chondria, nuclei and cytoplasm. J. Cell Biol. 81: 316–335.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Sutfin, L. V., M. E. Holtrop, and R. E. Ogilvie. 1971. Microanalysis of individual mitochondrial granules with diameters less than 1000 angstroms. Science 174: 947–949.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Boine, I., E. E. Smith, and F. E. Hunter. 1970. The role of fatty acids in mitochondrial changes during liver ischemia. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 139: 425–443.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Schrek, R. 1936. A method for counting the viable cells in normal and in malignant cell suspension. Am. J. Cancer 28: 389–392.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Hanks, J. H., and J. H. Wallace. 1958. Determination of cell viability. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 98: 188–192.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Philips, H. J., and J. E. Terryberry. 1957. Counting actively metabolizing tissue cultured cells. Exp. Cell Res. 13: 341–347.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Kaltenbach, J. P., M. H. Kaltenbach, and W. B. Lyons. 1958. Nigrosin as a dye for differentiating live and dead ascites cells. Exp. Cell Res. 15: 112–117.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Holmberg, B. 1961. On the permeability of lissamine green and other dyes in the course of cell injury and cell death. Exp. Cell Res. 22: 406–414.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Castellot, J. J., Jr., M. R. Miller, and A. B. Pardee. 1978. Animal cells reversibly permeable to small molecules. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75: 351–355.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Baur, H., S. Kasperek, andE. Pfaff. 1975. Criteria of viability of isolated liver cells. Hoppe-Seylers Z. Physiol. Chem. 356: 827–838.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Rotman, B., and B. W. Papermaster. 1966. Membrane properties of living mammalian cells as studied by enzymatic hydrolysis of fluorogenic ester. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 55: 134–141.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Jarnagin, J. L., and D. W. Luchsinger. 1980. The use of fluorescein diacetate and ethidium bromide as a stain for evaluating viability of mycobacteria. Stain Technol. 55: 253–258.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Schanne, F. A. X., A. B. Kane, E. E. Young, and J. C. Farber. 1977. Calcium dependence of toxic cell death: A final common pathway. Science 206: 700–702.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Acosta, D., M. Pucketts, and R. McMillin. 1978. Ischemic myocardial injury in cultured heart cells: Leakage of cytoplasmic enzymes from injured cell. In Vitro 14: 728–732.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Conway, E. J., and H. Geoghegan. 1955. Molecular concentration of kidney cortex slices. J. Physiol. (London) 130: 438–445.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Conway, E. J. 1957. Nature and significance of concentration relation of potassium and sodium ions in skeletal muscle. Physiol. Rev. 37: 84–132.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Steinbach,.H. B. 1952. Sodium and potassium balance of muscle and nerve. In: Modern Trends in Physiology and Biochemistry: Woods Hole Lectures Dedicated to Memory of Leonor Michaelis. E. S. G. Barron, ed. Academic Press, New York. pp. 173–192.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Schatzmann, H.J. 1953. Herzglykoside als Hemmstoffe fur den aktiven kaliumund natrium transport durch die erythrocytenmembran. Helv. Physiol. Pharmacol. Acta 11: 346–354.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Pfaff, E., B. Schuler, H. Krell, and H. Hoke. 1980. Viability control and special properties of isolated rat hepatocytes. Arch. Toxicol. 44: 3–21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Dickson, J. A. 1970. The uptake of non-metabolizable amino acids as an index of cell viability in vitro. Exp. Cell Res. 61: 235–245.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Edmondson, J. W., and N. U. Bang. 1981. Deleterious effects of calcium deprivation on freshly isolated hepatocytes. Am. J. Physiol. 241: C3–C8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Mapes, J. P., and R. A. Harris. 1975. On the oxidation of succinate by parenchymal cells isolated from rat liver. FEBS Lett. 51: 80–83.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Vogt, M. T., and E. Farber. 1968. On the molecular pathology of ischemic cell death: Reversible and irreversible cellular and mitochondrial metabolic alterations. Am. J. Pathol. 53: 1–26.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Shelburne, J. D., A. V. Arstila, and B. F. Trump. 1973. Studies on cellular autophagocytosis: The relationship of autophagocytosis to protein synthesis and to energy metabolism in rat liver and flounder kidney tubules in vitro. Am. J. Pathol. 73: 641–670.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Verbin, R. S., P. J. Goldblatt, and E. Farber. 1969. The biochemical pathology of inhibition of protein synthesis in vivo. Lab. Invest. 20: 529–536.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Laiho, K. V., and B. F. Trump. 1974. The relationship between cell viability and changes in mitochondrial ultrastructure, cellular ATP, ion and water content following injury of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Virchows Arch. B 15: 267–277.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Jennings, R. B., H. K. Hawkins, J. E. Lowe, M. L. Hill, S. Klotman, and K. A. Reimer. 1978. Relation between high energy phosphate and lethal injury in myocardial ischemia in the dog. Am. J. Pathol. 92: 187–207.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Kleihues, P., K. A. Hossmann, A. E. Pegg, K. Kobayashi, and V. Zimmermann. 1975. Resuscitation of the monkey brain after one hour complete ischemia. III. Indication of metabolic recovery. Brain Res. 95: 61–73.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Kleihues, P., K. Kobayashi, and K. A. Hossmann. 1974. Purine nucleotide metabolism in the cat brain after one hour of complete ischemia. J. Neurochem. 23: 417–425.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Farber, E. 1973. ATP and cell integrity. Fed. Proc. 32: 1534–1539.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Van Lancker. 1976. Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms in Disease. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Kubler, W., and P. G. Spieckerman. 1970. Regulation of glycolysis in the ischemic and the anoxic myocardium. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 1: 351–377.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Rovetto, M. J., J. T. Whitmer, and J. R. Neely. 1973. Comparison of the effects of anoxia and whole heart ischemia on carbohydrate utilization in isolated working rat heart. Circ. Res. 32: 699–711.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Wollenberger, A., and E. G. Krause. 1968. Metabolic control characteristics of the acutely ischemic myocardium. Am. J. Cardiol. 22: 349–359.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Furfine, C. S., and S. F. Velick, 1965. The acylenzyme intermediate and the kinetic mechanism of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase reaction. J. Biol. Chem. 240: 844–855.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Trivedi, B., and W. H. Danforth. 1966. Effects of pH on the kinetics of frog muscle phosphofructokinase. J. Biol. Chem. 241: 4110–4114.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Wiedemann, M. J., and H. A. Krebs. 1969. The fuel of respiration of rat kidney cortex. Biochem. J. 112: 149–166.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Whitmer, J. T., J. A. Idell-Wenger, M. J. Rovetto, and J. R. Neely. 1978. Control of fatty acid metabolism in ischemic and hypoxic hearts. J. Biol. Chem. 253: 4305–4309.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Scheuer, J., and N. Brachfeld. 1966. Myocardial uptake and fractional distribution of palmitate-l-C14 by the ischemic dog heart. Metabolism 15: 945–954.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Idell-Wenger, J. A., L. W. Grotyohann, and J. R. Neely. 1978. Coenzyme A and carnitine distribution in normal and ischemic hearts. J. Biol. Chem. 253: 4310–4318.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Pande, S. V. 1973. Reversal by CoA of palmityl-CoA inhibition of long chain acyl-CoA synthetase activity. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 306: 15–20.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. DeJong, W. C., and W. C. Hulsmann. 1970. A comparative study of palmityl-CoA synthetase activity in rat liver, heart, and gut mitochondrial and microsomal preparations. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 197: 127–135.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Smith, M. W., Y. Collan, M. W. Kahng, andB. F. Trump. 1980. Changes in mitochondrial lipids of rat kidney during ischemia. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 618: 192–201.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Farber, J. L., and E. E. Young. 1981. Accelerated phospholipid degradation in anoxic rat hepatocytes. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 211: 312–320.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Bricknell, O. L., and L. H. Opie. 1978. Effects of substrate on tissue metabolic changes in the isolated rat heart during underper-fusion and on release of lactate dehydrogenase and arrhythmias during reperfusion. Circ. Res. 43: 102–114.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Chua, B. H., and E. Shrago. 1977. Reversible inhibition of adenine nucleotide translocation by long chain acyl-CoA esters in bovine heart mitochondria and inverted submitochondrial particles. J. Biol. Chem. 252: 6711–6714.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Neely, J. R., and D. Feuvray. 1981. Metabolic products and myocardial ischemia. Am. J. Pathol. 102: 282–291.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Lamens, J. M. J., and W. C. Hulsmann. 1977. Inhibition of (Na + -K +)-stimulated ATPase of heart by fatty acids. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 9: 343–346.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Katz, A. M., P. Nash-Adler, J. Micele, F. Messineo, and C. F. Louis. 1979. Inhibition of Ca influx from the sarcoplasmic reticulum by free fatty acids. Circulation 60 (Suppl. II): 12.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Sheetz, M. P., R. G. Paitner, and S. J. Singer. 1976. Biological membranes as bilayer couples. III. Compensatory shape changes induced in membranes. J. Cell Biol. 70: 193–203.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Jennings, R. B. 1969. Early phase of myocardial ischemic injury and infarction. Am. J. Cardiol. 24: 753–765.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Pressman, B.C., and H. A. Lardy. 1956. Effect of surface active agents on the latent ATPase of mitochondria. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 21: 458–466.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Borst, D., J. A. Loos, E. J. Christ, and E. C. Slater. 1962. Uncoupling activity of long-chain fatty acids. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 62: 509–518.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Chefurka, W. 1966. Oxidative phosphorylation in in vitro aged mitochondria. I. Factors controlling the loss of the dinitrophenol-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase activity and respiratory control in mouse liver mitochondria. Biochemistry 5: 3887–3903.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Kao, R., D. E. Rannels, and H. E. Morgan. 1976. Effects of anoxia and ischemia on protein synthesis in perfused rat hearts. Circ. Res. 38 (Suppl. I): I124–I130.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Jefferson, L. S., E. B. Wolpert, K. E. Giger, and H. E. Morgan. 1971. Regulation of protein synthesis in heart muscle. III. Effect of anoxia on protein synthesis. J. Biol. Chem. 246: 2171–2178.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Chua, B., R. L. Kao, D. E. Rannels, and H. E. Morgan. 1979. Inhibition of protein degradation by anoxia and ischemia in perfused rat hearts. J. Biol. Chem. 254: 6617–6623.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Gerlach, E., B. Deuticke, and R. H. Driesbach. 1963. Zum verhalten von nucleotiden und ihren dephosphorylierten abbauprodukten in der niere bei ischamie und Kurzzeitiger postischamischer Wiederdurchblutung. Pfluegers Arch. 278: 296–315.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Garlick, P. B., G. K. Radda, and P. J. Seeley. 1979. Studies of acidosis in the ischemic heart by phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance. Biochem. J. 184: 547–554.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Kahng, M. W., I. K. Berezesky, and B. F. Trump. 1978. Metabolic and ultrastructural response of rat kidney cortex to in vitro ischemia. Exp. Mol. Pathol. 29: 183–198.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Katori, M., and R. M. Berne. 1966. Release of adenosine from anoxic hearts: Relationship to coronary flow. Circ. Res. 19: 420–425.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Schutz, W., J. Schrader, and E. Gerlach. 1981. Different sites of adenosine formation in the heart. Am. J. Physiol. 240: 4963–4970.

    Google Scholar 

  124. Osswald, H., H. J. Schmitz, and R. Kemper. 1977. Tissue content of adenosine, inosine and hypoxanthine in the rat kidney after ischemia and postischemic recirculation. Pfluegers Arch. 371: 45–49.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Sakai, K., M. Akima, and H. Nabata. 1979. A possible purinergic mechanism for reactive ischemia in isolated, cross-circulated rat kidney. Jpn. J. Pharmacol. 29: 235–242.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Jennings, R. B., K. A. Reimer, M. L. Hill, and S. E. Mayer. 1981. Total ischemia in dog hearts, in vitro. I. Comparison of high energy phosphate production, utilization, and depeletion, and of adenine nucleotide catabolism in total ischemia in vitro vs. severe ischemia in vivo. Circ. Res. 49: 892–900.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Reimer, K. A., M. L. Hill, and R. B. Jennings. 1981. Prolonged depletion of ATP and of the adenosine nucleotide pool due to delayed resynthesis of adenine nucleotides following reversible myocardial ischemic injury in dogs. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 13: 229–239.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Reibel, D. K., and M. J. Rovetto. 1979. Myocardial adenosine salvage rates and restoration of ATP content following ischemia. Am. J. Physiol. 237. H247–H252.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Williamson, J. R., S. W. Schaffer, C. Ford, and B. Safer. 1976. Contribution of tissue acidosis to ischemic injury in the perfused rat heart. Circ. Res. 53(Suppl. I):i3–il4.

    Google Scholar 

  130. Bing, O. H. L., W. W. Brooks, and J. W. Messer. 1973. Heart muscle viability following hypoxia: Protective effect of acidosis. Science 180: 1297–1298.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Nayler, W. B., R. Ferrari, P. A. Poole-Wilson, andC. E. Yepez. 1979. A protective effect of a mild acidosis on hypoxic heart muscle. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 11: 1053–1071.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Vogel, S., and N. Sperelakis. 1977. Blockade of myocardial slow inward current at low pH. Am. J. Physiol. 233: C99–C103.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Altschuld, R. A., J. R. Hostetler, and G. P. Brierley. 1981. Response of isolated rat heart cells to hypoxia re-oxygenation, and acidosis. Circ. Res. 49: 307–316.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Sperelakis, N., and J. A. Schneider. 1976. A metabolic control mechanism for calcium ion influx that may protect the ventricular myocardial cell. Am. J. Cardiol. 37: 1079–1085.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Penttila, A., and B. F. Trump. 1974. Extracellular acidosis protects Ehrlich tumor cells and rat renal cortex against anoxic injury. Science 185: 272–278.

    Google Scholar 

  136. Hinnen, R., H. Miyamoto, and E. Racker. 1979. Ca2 + translocation in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. J. Membr. Biol. 49: 309–324.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Struder, R. K., and A. B. Borle. 1979. Effect ofpH on the calcium metabolism of isolated rat kidney cells. J. Membr. Biol. 48: 325–341.

    Google Scholar 

  138. Van der Saag, P. T., A. Feyen, W. Miltenburg-Vonk, and S. W. DeLatt. 1981. Plasma membrane-mediated effects of extracellular pH on the growth of neuroblastoma cells. Exp. Cell Res. 136: 351–358.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Osswald, H., H.-J. Schmitz, and R. Kemper. 1977. Tissue content of adenosine, inosine and hypoxanthine in the rat kidney after ischemia and postischemic recirculation. Pfluegers Arch. 371: 45–49.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Parce, J. W., C. C. Cunningham, and M. Waite. 1978. Mitochondrial phospholipase A2 activity and mitochondrial aging. Biochemistry 17: 1634–1639.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Van Lancker. 1976. Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms in Disease. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  142. Jennings, R. B., andC. E. Ganote. 1976. Mitochondrial structure and function in acute myocardial ischemic injury. Circ. Res. 38 (Suppl. 1): 180–191.

    Google Scholar 

  143. Mittnacht, S., Jr., S. C. Sherman, and J. L. Farber. 1979. Reversal of ischemic mitochondrial dysfunction. J. Biol. Chem. 254: 9871–9878.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Mittnacht, S., Jr., and J. L. Farber. 1981. Reversal of ischemic mitochondrial dysfunction. J. Biol. Chem. 256: 3199–3206.

    Google Scholar 

  145. Rouslin, W., and R. W. Millard. 1981. Mitochondrial inner membrane enzyme defects in porcine myocardial ischemia. Am. J. Physiol. 240: H308–H313.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Dhalla, N. S., P. K. Das, and G. P. Sharma. 1978. Subcellular basis of cardiac contractile failure. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 10: 363–385.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Shen, A. C., and R. B. Jennings. 1972. Myocardial calcium and magnesium in acute ischemic injury. Am. J. Pathol. 67:417– 440.

    Google Scholar 

  148. Leaf, A. 1970. Regulation of intracellular fluid volume and disease. Am. J. Med. 49: 291–295.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Schwartz, A., G. Grupp, R. W. Millard, I. L. Grupp, D. A. Lathrop, M. A. Matlib, P. L. Vaghy, and J. R. Valle. 1981. Calcium-channel blockers: Possible mechanisms of protective effects on the ischemic myocardium. In: New Perspectives on Calcium Antagonists. G. B. Weiss, ed. American Physiological Society, Bethesda. pp. 191–210.

    Google Scholar 

  150. Meisner, H., and M. Klingenberg. 1968. Efflux of adenine nucleotides from rat liver mitochondria. J. Biol. Chem. 243: 3631–3639.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. LaNoue, K. F., J. A. Watts, and C. D. Koch. 1981. Adenine nucleotide transport during cardiac ischemia. Am. J. Physiol. 241: H663–H671.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Doleidin, F. H., S. R. Fahrenholtz, A. A. Lamola, and A. M. Trozzolo. 1974. Reactivity of cholesterol and some fatty acids toward singlet oxygen. Photochem. Photobiol. 20: 519–521.

    Google Scholar 

  153. Mengel, C. E., and H. E. Kann, Jr. 1966. Effect of in vivo hyperoxia of erythrocytes. III. In vivo peroxidation of erythrocytes lipid. J. Clin. Invest. 45: 1150–1157.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Recknagel, R. O., and E. A. Glende, Jr. 1977. Lipid peroxidation: A specific form of cellular injury. Handbook of Physiology, Section 9. Waverly Press/American Physiological Society, Bethesda. pp. 591–601.

    Google Scholar 

  155. Tappel, A. L. 1972. Vitamin E and free radical peroxidation of lipids. In: Vitamin E and Its Role in Cellular Metabolism. P. P. Nair and H. J. Kayden, eds. New York Academy of Sciences, New York. pp. 12–28.

    Google Scholar 

  156. Deneke, S. M., and B. L. Fanburg. 1980. Normobaric oxygen toxicity of the lung. N. Engl. J. Med. 303: 76–86.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Kloner, R. A., C. E. Ganote, D. Whalen, and R. B. Jennings. 1974. Effect of a transient period of ischemia on myocardial cells. II. Fine structure during the first few minutes of reflow. Am. J. Pathol. 74: 399–422.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Demopoules, H. B., E. S. Flamm, D. D. Pietronigro, and M. I. Sligman. 1980. The free radical pathology and microcirculation in the major central nervous system disorders. Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl. 492: 91–119.

    Google Scholar 

  159. Baker, P. F., M. P. Blaustein, A. L. Hodgkin, and R. A. Steinhardt. 1969. The influence of calcium on sodium efflux in squid axons. J. Physiol. (London) 200: 431–458.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Schatzman, H. J. 1966. ATP-dependent Ca+ + -extrusion from human red cells. Experientia 22: 364–365.

    Google Scholar 

  161. Rasmussen, H. 1981. Calcium and cAMP as Synarchic Messengers. Wiley-Interscience, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  162. McLean, A. E. M., E. McLean, and J. D. Judah. 1965. Cellular necrosis in the liver induced and modified by drugs. Int. Rev. Exp. Pathol. 4: 127–157.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Schanne, F. A. X., A. B. Kane, E. E. Young, and J. C. Farber. 1979. Calcium dependence of toxic cell death: A final common pathway. Science 206: 700–702

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Campbell, A. K., R. A. Daw, and J. P. Luzio. 1979. Rapid increase in intracellular free Ca2 + induced by antibody plus complement. FEBS Lett. 107: 55–60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Campbell, A. K., and J. P. Luzio. 1981. Intracellular free calcium as a pathogen in cell damage initiated by the immune system. Experientia 37: 1110–1112.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Nayler, W. G., P. A. Poole-Wilson, and A. Williams. 1979. Hypoxia and calcium. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 11: 683–706.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Haworth, R. A., D. R. Hunter, and H. A. Berkoff. 1980. Na + releases Ca2+ from liver, kidney and lung mitochondria. FEBS Lett. 110: 216–218.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Roman, I., P. Gmaj, C. Nowicka, and S. Angielski. 1979. Regulation of Ca2+ efflux from kidney and liver mitochondria by unsaturated fatty acids and Na+ ions. Eur. J. Biochem. 102: 615–623.

    Google Scholar 

  169. Chien, K. R., J. Abrams, A. Serroni, J. T. Martin, and J. L. Farber. 1978. Accelerated phospholipid degradation and associated membrane dysfunction in irreversible, ischemic liver cell injury. J. Biol. Chem. 253: 4809–4817.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Coleman, R. 1973. Membrane-bound enzymes and membrane ultrastructure. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 300: 1–30.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Yin, H. L., andT. P. Stossel. 1979. Control of cytoplasmic actin gel-sol transformation by gelsolin, a calcium–dependent regulatory protein. Nature (London) 281: 583–586.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Dedman, J. R., B. R. Brinkley, and A. R. Means. 1979. Regulation of microfilaments and microtubules by calcium and cyclic AMP. Adv. Cyclic Nucleotide Res. 11: 131–174.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Smith, M. W., Y. Collan, M. W. Kahng, and B. F. Trump. 1980. Changes in mitochondrial lipids of rat kidney during ischemia. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 618: 192–201.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Quastel, M. R., G. B. Segel, and M. A. Lichtman. 1981. The effect of calcium chelation on lymphocyte monovalent cation permeability, transport, and concentration. J. Cell. Physiol. 107: 165–170.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Adelman, W. J., and J. W. Moore. 1961. Action of external divalention reduction on sodium movement in the squid giant axon. J. Gen. Physiol. 45: 93–103.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Delamere, N. A., and Paterson, C. A. 1978. The influence of calcium free EGTA solution upon membrane permeability in the crystalline lens of the frog. J. Gen. Physiol. 71: 581–593.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Schulz, I., and K. Heil. 1979. Ca2 + –control of electrolyte permeability in plasma membrane vesicles from cat pancreas. J. Membr. Biol. 46: 41–70.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Edmondson, J. W., and N. U. Bang. 1981. Deleterious effects of calcium deprivation on freshly isolated hepatocytes. Am. J. Physiol. 241: C3–C8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Gordon, L. M., R. D. Sauerheber, and J. A. Esgate. 1978. Spin label studies on rat liver and heart plasma membranes: Effects on temperature, calcium, and lanthanum on membrane fluidity. J. Supramol. Struct. 9: 299–326.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Bourdillon, P. D., and P. A. Poole–Wilson 1982. The effects of verapamil, quiescence and cardioplegia on calcium exchange and mechanical function in ischemia rabbit myocardium. Circ. Res. 50: 360–368.

    Google Scholar 

  181. Cheung, J. Y., A. Leaf, and J. V. Bonventre. 1982. Mechanism of protection by verapamil and nifedipine from anoxic injury in working isolated rat cardiac myocytes. Clin. Res. 30: 480a.

    Google Scholar 

  182. Williamson, J. R., R. H. Cooper, and J. B. Hoek. 1981. Role of calcium in the hormonal regulation of liver metabolism. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 639: 243–295.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Gemba, M., H. Obana, and Y. Matsushima. 1980. Divalent cation transport in kidney slices. III. Inhibitory action of verapamil on magnesium gain. Jpn. J. Pharmacol. 30: 389–391.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Matsushima, Y., M. Gemba, and H. Obana. 1979. Calcium transport in kidney slices: Effects of verapamil, diltiazem, and trimetazidine. Jpn. J. Pharmacol. 29: A145.

    Google Scholar 

  185. Gordon, E. E., and R. K. Ferris. 1977. Stimulation of renal gluconeogenesis of verapamil and D-600. Biochem. Pharmacol. 26: 1089–1091.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Borle, A. B. 1981. Calcium transport by kidney cells. In: Calcium and Phosphate Transport across Biomembranes. F. Bronner and M. Peterlik, eds. Academic Press, New York. pp. 193–198.

    Google Scholar 

  187. Willerson, J. T., W. J. Powell, Jr., T. E. Guiney, J. J. Stark, C. A. Sanders, and A. Leaf. 1972. Improvement in myocardial function and coronary blood flow in ischemic myocardium after mannitol. J. Clin, invest. 51: 2989–2998.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Powell, W. J., Jr., D. R. DiBona, J. Flores, N. Frega, and A. Leaf. 1976. Effects of hyperosmotic mannitol in reducing ischemic cell swelling minimizing myocardial necrosis. Circulation 53 (Suppl. 1): 145–149.

    Google Scholar 

  189. Flores, J., D. R. DiBona, N. Frega, and A. Leaf. 1972. Cell volume regulation and ischemic tissue damage. J. Membr. Biol. 10: 331–343.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Blow, A. M. J., G. M. Botham, D. Fisher, A. H. Goodall, C. P. S. Tolcock, and J. A. Lucy. 1978. Water and calcium ions in cell fusion induced by polyethylene glycol. FEBS Lett. 94: 305–310.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Tilcock, C. P. S., and D. Fisher. 1979. Interaction of phospholipid membranes with poly(ethylene)glycols. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 577: 53–61.

    Google Scholar 

  192. Kuhn, W., and M. Thurkauf. 1958. Isotopentrennung beim Gefrieren von Wasser und Diffusionskonstantrem von D und 180 im Eis. Helv. Chim. Acta 41: 938–971.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Mason, J., F. Beck, A. Dorge, R. Rick, and K. Thurau. 1981. Intracellular electrolyte composition following renal ischemia. Kidney Int. 20: 61–70.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Chien, K. R., J. Abrams, R. G. Pfau, and J. L. Farber. 1977. Prevention by chlorpromazine of ischemic liver cell death. Am. J. Pathol. 88: 539–558.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Chien, K. R., and J. L. Farber. 1977. Microsomal membrane dysfunction in ischemic rat liver cells. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 180: 191–198.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. Farber, J. L., J. T. Martin, and K. R. Chien. 1978. Irreversible ischemic cell injury: Prevention by chloropromazine of the aggregation of the intramembranous particles of rat liver plasma membranes. Am. J. Pathol. 92: 713–732.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Hearse, D. J. 1977. Reperfusion of the ischemic myocardium. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 9: 605–616.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Ganóte, C. E., R. Seabra–Gomes, W. G. Nayler, and R. B. Jennings. 1975. Irreversible myocardial injury in anoxic perfused rat hearts. Am. J. Pathol. 80: 419–450.

    Google Scholar 

  199. Grinwald, P. M., and W. G. Nayler. 1981. Calcium entry in the calcium paradox. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 13: 867–880.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  200. Chien, K. R., R. G. Pfau, and J. L. Farber. 1979. Ischemic myocardial cell injury: Prevention by chlorpromazine of an accelerated phospholipid degradation and associated membrane dysfunction. Am. J. Pathol. 97: 505–530.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. Fridovich, I. 1978. Superoxide radicals, superoxide dismutases, and the aerobic lifestyle. Photochem. Photobiol. 28: 787–801.

    Google Scholar 

  202. Jennings, R. B., and H. K. Hawkins. 1980. Ultrastructural changes of acute myocardial ischemia. In: Degradative Processes in Heart and Skeletal Muscle. K. Wildenthal, ed. Elsevier/North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp. 295–346.

    Google Scholar 

  203. Rossi, C. S., and Lehninger, A. L. 1964. Stoichiometry of respiratory stimulation, accumulation of Ca+ + and phosphate, and oxidative phosphorylation in rat liver mitochondria. J. Biol. Chem. 239: 3971–3980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  204. Vasdex, S. C., G. P. Biro, N. Narbatiz, and K. J. Kako. 1980. Membrane changes induced by early myocardial ischemia in the dog. Can. J. Biochem. 58: 1112–1119.

    Google Scholar 

  205. Grankvist, K., S. Marklund, J. Sehlin, and I. B. Taldejal. 1979. Superoxide dismutase catalase and scavengers of hydroxyl radical protect against the toxic action of alloxan on pancreatic islet cells in vitro. Biochem. J. 182: 17–25.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Haglund, U., and O. Lundgren. 1978. Intestinal ischemia and shock factors. Fed. Proc. 37: 2729–2733.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. Granger, D. N., G. Ritili, and J. M. McCord. 1981. Superoxide radicals in feline intestinal ischemia. Gastroenterology 81: 22–29.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Bailie, M. B., S. R. Jolly, and B. R. Luckhesi. 1982. Reduction of myocardial ischemic injury by superoxide dismutase plus catalase. Fed. Proc. 41: 1736.

    Google Scholar 

  209. Shlafer, M., P. Kane, U. Wiggins, and M. Kirsh. 1982. Cytotoxic oxygen metabolites in pathogenesis of ischemic cardiac damage: Oxygen radical-metabolizing enzymes improve hypothermic cardioplegia. Fed. Proc. 41: 1765.

    Google Scholar 

  210. Roy, R. S., and J. M. McCord. 1982. Ischemia-induced conversion of xanthine dehydrogenase to xanthine oxidase. Fed. Proc. 41: 767.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA

    Alexander Leaf, Joseph Y. Cheung & Joseph V. Bonventre

  2. Department of Physiology, University of Otago Medical School, Dunedin, New Zealand

    Anthony D. C. Macknight

Authors
  1. Alexander Leaf
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Anthony D. C. Macknight
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Joseph Y. Cheung
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Joseph V. Bonventre
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA

    Thomas E. Andreoli M.D.  & Stanley G. Schultz M.D.  & 

  2. Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA

    Joseph F. Hoffman Ph.D.

  3. University of California, San Diego La Jolla, California, USA

    Darrell D. Fanestil M.D.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1986 Plenum Publishing Corporation

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Leaf, A., Macknight, A.D.C., Cheung, J.Y., Bonventre, J.V. (1986). The Cellular Basis of Ischemic Acute Renal Failure. In: Andreoli, T.E., Hoffman, J.F., Fanestil, D.D., Schultz, S.G. (eds) Physiology of Membrane Disorders. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2097-5_42

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2097-5_42

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-9242-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-2097-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation