Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Respiratory Epithelium

  • Chapter
Physiology of Membrane Disorders

Abstract

The respiratory epithelium forms a continuous layer of cells that separates air from liquid throughout the lung. The integrity and function of the epithelium are a critical requirement for effective gas exchange, the uptake of O2 from the environment and elimination of CO2 from the organism. Transfer of gases between the air and the blood requires two anatomical structures: the conducting airways, which distribute the inspired air within the lungs, and the alveoli, which are the site of O2 and CO2 diffusion between the gas phase and the pulmonary capillary blood. The epithelia in both regions serve as passive barriers between gas and fluid phases and perform active ion transport functions. In the airways, the epithelium can actively secrete Cl- or absorb Na+; ion transport is an important determinant of the quantity and composition of the respiratory tract fluid, an essential component of mucociliary clearance. In the alveoli, the epithelium actively absorbs Na+; Na+ absorption is a major factor that maintains a fluid–free alveolus. In the fetal lung, the epithelium actively secretes Cl-; fluid secretion is a major requirement for normal pulmonary growth and development.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Nadel, J. A., B. Davis, and R. J. Phipps. 1979. Control of mucus secretion and ion transport in airways. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 41: 369–381.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Ciba Foundation Symposium No. 54. 1978. Respiratory Tract Mucus. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  3. King, R. J. 1982. Pulmonary surfactant. J. Appl. Physiol. 53 (1): 1–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Wanner, A. 1977. Clinical aspects of mucociliary transport. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 116: 73–125.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Yoneda, K. 1976. Mucous blanket of rat bronchus: An ultrastructural study. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 114: 837–842.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Yoneda, K. 1976. Mucous blanket of rat bronchus. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 114: 837–842.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Olver, R. E., B. Davis, M. G. Marin, and J. A. Nadel. 1975. Active transport of Na+ and Cl- across the canine tracheal epithelium in vitro. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 112: 811–815.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Widdicombe, J. H., C. B. Basbaum, and E. Highland. 1981. Ion contents and other properties of isolated cells from dog tracheal epithelium. Am. J. Physiol. 241: C184–C192.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Rhodin, J. A. G. 1966. Ultrastructure and function of the human tracheal mucosa. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 93: 1–15.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Breeze, R. G., andE. B. Wheeldon. 1977. The cells of the pulmonary airways. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 116: 705–777.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Frasca, J. M., O. Auerbach, V. R. Parks, and J. D. Jamieson. 1968. Electron microscopic observations of the bronchial epithelium of dogs. Exp. Mol. Pathol. 9: 363–379.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Al–Bazzaz, F. J., and Q. Al–Awqati. 1979. Interaction between sodium and chloride transport in canine tracheal mucosa. J. Appl. Physiol. 46: 111–119.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Boucher, R. C., P. A. Bromberg, and J. T. Gatzy. 1980. Airway transepithelial electric potential in vivo: Species and regional differences. J. Appl. Physiol. 48: 169–176.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Welsh, M.J. 1982. Cigarette smoke inhibition of ion transport in canine tracheal epithelium. J. Clin. Invest. 71: 1614–1623.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Welsh, M. J., P. L. Smith, and R. A. Frizzell. 1982. Chloride secretion by canine tracheal epithelium. II. The cellular electrical potential profile. J. Membr. Biol. 70: 227–238.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Welsh, M. J., J. H. Widdicombe, and J. A. Nadel. 1980. Fluid transport across the canine tracheal epithelium. J. Appl. Physiol. 45: 905–909.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Widdicombe, J. H., I. F. Ueki, I. Bruderman, and J. A. Nadel. 1979. The effects of sodium substitution and ouabain on ion transport by dog tracheal epithelium. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 120: 385–392.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Widdicombe, J. H., C. B. Basbaum, and J. Y. Yee. 1979. Localization of Na pumps in the tracheal epithelium of the dog. J. Cell Biol. 82: 380–390.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Al–Bazzaz, F. J. 1981. Role of cyclic AMP in regulation of chloride secretion by canine tracheal mucosa. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 123: 295–298.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Smith, P. L., M. J. Welsh, J. S. Stoff, and R. A. Frizzell. 1982. Chloride secretion by canine tracheal epithelium. I. Role of intracellular cAMP levels. J. Membr. Biol. 70: 217–226.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Al–Bazzaz, F., V. P. Yadava, and C. Westenfelder. 1981. Modification of Na and Cl transport in canine tracheal mucosa by prostaglandins. Am. J. Physiol. 240: F101–F105.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Lazarus, S. C., C. B. Basbaum, and W. M. Gold. 1982. Cellular localization of cyclic AMP in the trachea of dog, cat, and ferret. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 125: 244.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Lazarus, S. C., C. B. Basbaum, and W. M. Gold. 1982. Effect of prostaglandin E1 on intracellular cyclic AMP in cat and dog trachea. Clin. Res. 30: 434a.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Al–Bazzaz, F., and T. Jayaram. 1981. Ion transport by canine tracheal mucosa: Effect of elevation of cellular calcium. Exp. Lung Res. 2: 121–130.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Marin, M. G., B. Davis, and J. A. Nadel. 1977. Effect of histamine on electrical and ion transport properties of tracheal epithelium. J. Appl. Physiol. 42: 735–738.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Al–Bazzaz, F. J., and E. Cheng. 1979. Effect of catecholamines on ion transport in dog tracheal epithelium. J. Appl. Physiol. 47: 397–403.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Marin, M. G., B. Davis, and J. A. Nadel. 1976. Effect of acetylcholine on Cl- and Na+ fluxes across dog tracheal epithelium in vitro. Am. J. Physiol. 231: 1546–1549.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Ueki, I., V. F. German, and J. A. Nadel. 1980. Micropipette measurement of airway submucosal gland secretion. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 121: 351–357.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Phipps, R. J., J. A. Nadel, and B. Davis. 1980. Effect of alphaadrenergic stimulation on mucus secretion and on ion transport in cat trachea in vitro. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 121: 359–365.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Nadel, J. A., and B. Davis. 1980. Parasympathetic and sympathetic regulation of secretion from submucosal glands in airways. Fed. Proc. 39: 3075–3079.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Silva, P., J. Stoff, M. Field, L. Fine, J. N. Forrest, and F. H. Epstein. 1977. Mechanism of active chloride secretion by shark rectal gland: Role of Na-K-ATPase in chloride transport. Am. J. Physiol. 233: F298–F306.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Welsh, M. J., P. L. Smith, and R. A. Frizzell. 1983. Intracellular chloride activities in the isolated perfused shark rectal gland. Am. J. Physiol. 245: F640–F644.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Nagel, W., and P. Reinach. 1980. Mechanism of stimulation by epinephrine of active transepithelial CI transport in isolated frog cornea. J. Membr. Biol. 56: 73–79.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Candia, O. A., H. F. Schoen, L. Low, and S. M. Podos. 1981. Chloride transport inhibition by piretanide and MK-196 in bullfrog corneal epithelium. Am. J. Physiol. 240: F25–F29.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Field, M. 1979. Intracellular mediators of secretion in the small intestine. In: Mechanisms of Intestinal Secretion. H. J. Binder, ed. Liss, New York. pp. 83–91.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Frizzell, R. A., M. Field, and S. G. Schultz. 1979. Sodium-coupled chloride transport by epithelial tissues. Am. J. Physiol. 236: F1–F8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Frizzell, R. A., and K. Heintze. 1979. Electrogenic chloride secretion by mammalian colon. In: Mechanisms of Intestinal Secretion. H. J. Binder, ed. Liss, New York. pp. 101–110.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Degnan, K. J., K. J. Karnaky, and J. A. Zadunaisky. 1977. Active chloride transport in the in vitro opercular skin of a teleost (Fundulus heteroclitus), a gill–like epithelium rich in chloride cells. J. Physiol. (London) 271: 155–191.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Machen, T. E., and W. L. McLennan. 1980. Na +-dependent H + and Cl - transport in in vitro frog gastric mucosa. Am. J. Physiol. 238: G403–G413.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Welsh, M. J., P. L. Smith, and R. A. Frizzell. 1983. Chloride secretion by canine tracheal epithelium. III. Membrane resistances and electromotive forces. J. Membr. Biol. 71: 209–218.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Schultz, S. G., R. A. Frizzell, and H. N. Nellans. 1977. Active sodium transport and the electrophysiology of rabbit colon. J. Membr. Biol. 33: 351–384.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Welsh, M.J. 1983. Inhibition of chloride secretion by furosemide in canine tracheal epithelium. J. Membr. Biol. 71: 219–226.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Davis, B., M. B. Marin, J. W. Yee, and J. A. Nadel. 1979. Effect of terbutaline on movement of Cl- and Na+ across the trachea of the dog in vitro. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 120: 547–552.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Al–Bazzaz, F. J., and J. Kelsey. 1982. Effect of substance P on ion transport by tracheal mucosa. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 125: 243.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Welsh, M. J. 1982. Intracellular chloride activities in canine tracheal epithelium: Direct evidence for sodium-coupled intracellular chloride accumulation in a chloride secreting epithelium. J. Clin. Invest. 71: 1392–1401.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Silva, P., K. Spokes, J. Epstein, and F. H. Epstein. 1979. Action of cAMP and theophylline on ion movement during ouabain inhibition of Na-K-ATPase in perfused rectal gland of Squalus acanthias. Bull. Mt. Desert I si. Biol. Lab. 19: 70–72.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Frizzell, R. A., P. L. Smith, E. Vosburgh, and M. Field. 1979. Coupled sodium-chloride influx across brush border of flounder intestine. J. Membr. Biol. 46: 27–39.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Geek, P., C. Pietrzyk, B. C. Burckhardt, B. Pfeiffer, and E. Heinz. 1980. Electrically silent cotransport of Na +, K+ and Cl - in Ehrlich cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 600: 432–447.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Liedtke, C. M., and U. Hopfer. 1982. Mechanism of Cl- translocation across small intestinal brush-border membrane. I. Absence of Na+ –Cl- cotransport. Am. J. Physiol. 242: G263–G271.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Cabantchik, Z. I., and A. Rothstein. 1974. Membrane proteins related to anion permeability of human red blood cells. J. Membr. Biol. 15: 207–226.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Shorofsky, S., M. Field, and H. Fozzard. 1983. Electrophysiology of Cl secretion in canine trachea. Membr. Biol. 72: 105–115.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Welsh, M. J. 1983. Evidence for a basolateral membrane potassium conductance in canine tracheal epithelium. Am. J. Physiol. 244: C377–C384.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Smith, P. L., and R. A. Frizzell. 1982. Changes in intracellular K activities after stimulation of CI secretion in canine tracheal epithelium. Chest 81: 5S.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Westenfelder, C., W. R. Earnest, and F. J. Al–Bazzaz. 1980. Characterization of Na-K-ATPase in dog tracheal epithelium: Enzymatic and ion transport measurements. J. Appl. Physiol. 48: 1008–1019.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Eaton, D. C., and M. S. Brodwick. 1980. Effects of barium on the potassium conductance of squid axon. J. Gen. Physiol. 75: 727–750.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Kirk, K.L.,D.R. Halm, and D. C.Dawson. 1980. Active sodium transport by turtle colon via an electrogenic Na-K exchange pump. Nature (London) 287: 237–239.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Standen, N. B., and P. R. Stanfield. 1978. A potential-and time-dependent blockade of inward rectification in frog skeletal muscle fibres by barium and strontium ions. J. Physiol. (London) 280: 169–191.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. van Driessche, W. V., and W. Zeiske. 1980. Ba2+–induced conductance fluctuations of spontaneously fluctuating K + channels in the apical membrane of frog skin (Rana temporaria). J. Membr. 56: 31–42

    Google Scholar 

  59. Welsh, M. J. 1983. Barium inhibition of basolateral membrane potassium conductance in tracheal epithelium. Am. J. Physiol. 244: F639–F645.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Schultz, S. G. 1981. Homocellular regulatory mechanisms in sodium-transporting epithelia: Avoidance of extinction by “flush- through.” Am. J. Physiol. 241. F579–F590.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Higgins, J. T., B. Gebler, and E. Frömter. 1977. Electrical properties of amphibian urinary bladder. II. The cell potential profile in Necturus maculosa. Pfluegers Arch. 371: 87–97.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Gárdos, G. 1959. The role of calcium in the potassium permeability of human erythrocytes. Acta Physiol. Acad. Sci. Hung. 15: 121–125.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Koefoed-Johnsen, V., and H. H. Ussing. 1958. The nature of the frog skin potential. Acta Physiol. Scand. 42: 298–308.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Widdicombe, J. H., and M. J. Welsh. 1980. Ion transport by dog tracheal epithelium. Fed. Proc. 39: 3062–3066.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Welsh, M.J., P.L. Smith, M. Fromm, and R. A. Frizzell. 1982. Crypts are the site of intestinal fluid and electrolyte secretion. Science 218: 1219–1221.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Boucher, R. C., M. J. Stutts, and J. T. Gatzy. 1981. Regional differences in bioelectric properties and ion flow in excised canine airways. J. Appl. Physiol 51: 706–714.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Marin, M. L., B. P. Lane, R. E. Gordon, and E. Drummond. 1979. Ultrastructure of rat tracheal epithelium. Lung 156: 223–236.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Inoue, S., and J. C. Hogg. 1977. Freeze-etch study of the tracheal epithelium of normal guinea pigs with particular reference to intercellular junctions. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 61: 89–99.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Schneeberger, E. E. 1980. Heterogeneity of tight junction morphology in extrapulmonary and intrapulmonary airways of the rat. Anat. Rec. 198: 193–208.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Boucher, R. C., and J. T. Gatzy. 1982. Regional effects of autonomic agents on ion transport across excised canine airways. J. Appl. Physiol. 52: 893–901.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Legris, G. J., P. C. Will, and U. Hopfer. 1982. Inhibition of amiloride-sensitive sodium conductance by indoleamines. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79: 2046–2050.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Nielson, D. W., J. Goerke, and J. A. Clements. 1981. Alveolar subphase pH in the lungs of anesthetized rabbits. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78: 7119–7123.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Haies, D. M., J. Gil, and E. R. Weibel. 1981. Morphometric study of rat lung cells. I. Numerical and dimensional characteristics of parenchymal cell population. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 123: 533–541.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Schneeberger, E. E. 1978. Structural basis for some permeability properties of the air blood barrier. Fed. Proc. 37: 2471–2478.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. King, R. J. 1979. Utilization of alveolar epithelial type II cells for the study of pulmonary surfactant. Fed. Proc. 38: 2637–2643.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Mason, R. J., and J. Nellenbogen. 1982. Synthesis of saturated phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol by freshly isolated rat alveolar type II cells. Fed. Proc. 41: 1600.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Schneeberger, E. E., and M. J. Karnovsky. 1976. Substructure of intercellular junctions in freeze-fractured alveolar-capillary membranes of mouse lung. Circ. Res. 38: 404–411.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Schneeberger, E. E. 1976. Ultrastructural basis for alveolar-capillary permeability to protein. Ciba Found. Symp. 38: 3–28.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Schneeberger, E. E., and M. J. Karnovsky. 1971. The influence of intravascular fluid volume on the permeability of newborn and adult mouse lungs to ultrastructural protein tracers. J. Cell Biol. 49: 319–334.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Schneeberger-Keeley, E. E., and M. J. Karnovsky. 1968. The ultrastructural basis of alveolar-capillary membrane permeability to peroxidase used as a tracer. J. Cell Biol. 37: 781–793.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Taylor, A. E., A. C. Guyton, and V. S. Bishop. 1965. Permeability of the alveolar membrane to solutes. Circ. Res. 16: 353–362.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Taylor, A. E., and K. A. Gaar. 1970. Estimation of equivalent pore radii of pulmonary capillary and alveolar membranes. Am. J. Physiol. 218: 1133–1140.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Theodore, J., E. D. Robin, R. Gaudio, and J. Acevedo. 1975. Transalveolar transport of large polar solutes (sucrose, inulin, and dextran). Am. J. Physiol. 229: 989–996.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Egan, E. A., R. M. Nelson, andR. E. Olver. 1976. Lung inflation and alveolar permeability to non-electrolytes in the adult sheep in vivo. J. Physiol. (London) 260: 409–424.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Matthay, M. A., C. C. Landolt, andN. C. Staub. 1982. Differential liquid and protein clearance from the alveoli of anesthetized sheep. J. Appl. Physiol. 53: 96–104.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Matthay, M. A., J. H. Widdicombe, and N. C. Staub. 1982. Clearance of alveolar fluid in sheep may involve an active ion transport process. Fed. Proc. 41: 1244.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Gatzy, J. T. 1967. Bioelectric properties of the isolated amphibian lung. Am. J. Physiol. 213: 425–431.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Gatzy, J. T. 1975. Ion transport across the excised bullfrog lung. Am. J. Physiol. 228: 1162–1171.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Crandall, E. D., and K. J. Kim. 1981. Transport of water and solutes across bullfrog alveolar epithelium. J. Appl. Physiol. 50: 1263–1271.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Goodman, B. E., and E. D. Crandall. 1982. Dome formation in primary cultured monolayers of alveolar epithelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. 243: C96–C100.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Mason, R. J., M. C. Williams, J. H. Widdicombe, M. J. Sanders, D. S. Misfeldt, and L. C. Berry. 1982. Transepithelial transport by pulmonary alveolar type-II cells in primary culture. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79: 6033–6037.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Mason, R. J., and M. C. Williams. 1981. Pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells form domes in primary culture. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 123: 216.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Dobbs, L. G., R. J. Mason, M. C. Williams, B. J. Benson, and K. Sueishi. 1982. Secretion of surfactant by primary cultures of al-veolar type II cells isolated from rats. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 125: 205.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Misfeldt, D. S., S. T. Hamamoto, and D. R. Pitelka. 1976. Transepithelial transport in cell culture. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73: 1212–1216.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Cereijido, M., E. S. Robbins, W. J. Dolan, C. A. Rotunno, and D. D. Sabatini. 1978. Polarized monolayers formed by epithelial cells on a permeable and translucent support. J. Cell Biol. 77: 853–880.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Handler, J. S., F. M. Perkins, and J. P. Johnson. 1980. Studies of renal cell function using cell culture techniques. Am. J. Physiol. 238: F1–F9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Goodman, B. E., R. S. Fleischer, and E. D. Crandall. 1982. Effects of metabolic inhibitors on dome formation by cultured alveolar epithelial cells. Fed. Proc. 41: 1245.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Goodman, B. E., R. S. Fleischer, and E. D. Crandall. 1982. Evidence for sodium transport by cultured alveolar epithelial cells. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 125: 278.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Alcorn, D., T. M. Adamson, T. F. Lambert, J. E. Maloney, B. C. Ritchie, and P. M. Robinson. 1977. Morphological effects of chronic tracheal ligation and drainage in the fetal lamb lung. J. Anat. 123: 649–660.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Griscom, N. T., G. B. C. Harris, M. E. B. Wohl, G. F. Vawter, and A. J. Eraklis. 1969. Fluid-filled lung due to airway obstruction in the newborn. Pediatrics 43: 383–390.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Potter, E. L., and G. P. Bohlender. 1941. Intrauterine respiration in relation to development of the fetal lung. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 42: 14–22.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Schneeberger, E. E., D. V. Walters, and R. E. Olver. 1978. Development of intercellular junctions in the pulmonary epithelium of the foetal lamb. J. Cell Sci. 32: 307–324.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Olver, R. E., E. E. Schneeberger, and D. V. Walters. 1981. Epithelial solute permeability, ion transport and tight junction morphology in the developing lung of the fetal lamb. J. Physiol. (London) 315: 395–412.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Normand, I. C. S., R. E. Olver, E. O. R. Reynolds, and L. B. Strang. 1971. Permeability of lung capillaries and alveoli to non- electrolytes in the foetal lamb. J. Physiol. (London) 219: 303–330.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Mescher, E. J., A. C. G. Platzker, P. L. Ballard, J. A. Kitterman, J. A. Clements, and W. H. Tooley. 1975. Ontogeny of tracheal fluid, pulmonary surfactant, and plasma corticoids in the fetal lamb. J. Appl. Physiol. 39: 1017–1021.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Adamson, T. M., R. D. H. Boyd, H. S. Piatt, and L. B. Strang. 1969. Composition of alveolar liquid in the foetal lamb. J. Physiol. (London) 204: 159–168.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Humphreys, P. W., I. C. S. Normand, E. O. R. Reynolds, and L. B. Strang. 1967. Pulmonary lymph flow and the uptake of liquid from the lungs of the lamb at the start of breathing. J. Physiol. (London) 193: 1–29.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Olver, R. E., and L. B. Strang. 1974. Ion fluxes across the pulmonary epithelium and the secretion of lung liquid in the foetal lamb. J. Physiol. (London) 241: 327–357.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Perks, A. M., and S. Cassin. 1982. The effects of arginine vasopressin and other factors on the production of lung fluid in fetal goats. Chest 81: 63S–65S.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Kitterman, J. A., P. L. Ballard, J. A. Clements, E. J. Mescher, and W. H. Tooley. 1979. Tracheal fluid in fetal lambs: Spontaneous decrease prior to birth. J. Appl. Physiol. 47: 985–989.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Walters, D. V., and R.E.Olver. 1978. The role of catecholamines in lung liquid absorption at birth. Pediatr. Res. 12: 239–242.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Walters, D. V., C. A. Ramsden, M. J. Brown, R. E. Olver, andL. B. Strang. 1982. Fetal lung liquid absorption during epinephrine infusion and spontaneous labor in the lamb. Chest 81. 65S–66S.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Enhorning, G., D. Chamberlain, C. Contreras, R. Burgoyne, and B. Robertson. 1977. Isoxsuprine-induced release of pulmonary surfactant in the rabbit fetus. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 129: 197–202.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Adams, F. H., A. J. Moss, and L. Fagan. 1963. The tracheal fluid in the fetal lamb. Biol. Neonate 5: 151–158.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Epithelial Transport and Pulmonary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA

    Michael J. Welsh

Authors
  1. Michael J. Welsh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA

    Thomas E. Andreoli M.D.  & Stanley G. Schultz M.D.  & 

  2. Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA

    Joseph F. Hoffman Ph.D.

  3. University of California, San Diego La Jolla, California, USA

    Darrell D. Fanestil M.D.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1986 Plenum Publishing Corporation

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Welsh, M.J. (1986). The Respiratory Epithelium. In: Andreoli, T.E., Hoffman, J.F., Fanestil, D.D., Schultz, S.G. (eds) Physiology of Membrane Disorders. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2097-5_41

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2097-5_41

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-9242-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-2097-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation