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Cytoplasmic Sensing of Viral Double-Stranded RNA and Activation of Innate Immunity by RIG-I-Like Receptors

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Innate Immune Regulation and Cancer Immunotherapy

Abstract

Innate antiviral reactions are induced within hours of a viral infection. These reactions are critical to the activation of adaptive immunity. The major innate antiviral reaction is that mediated by type I and III interferons (IFNs), which activate antiviral genes through cell surface receptors, signal transducers, and transcription factors (Samuel. Clin Microbiol Rev 14:778–809, 2001; Theofilopoulos et al. Annu Rev Immunol 23:307–336, 2005; Uze and Monneron. Biochimie 89:729–734, 2007). Once the antiviral gene products establish an antiviral state, viral replication is selectively repressed. Efficient expression of IFN is observed in cells infected with viruses, suggesting that viral components produced during replication are detected by cellular sensors. A family of RNA helicases termed RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), including retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I), melanoma differentiation associated gene 5 (MDA5), and laboratory of genetics and physiology 2 (LGP2), senses viral double-stranded (ds) RNA and triggers an antiviral program including the production of IFN (Kawai and Akira. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1143:1–20, 2008; Yoneyama and Fujita. Immunol Rev 227:54–65, 2009). We review here the structure and function of RLRs.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Virus Research, and Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

    Mitsutoshi Yoneyama & Takashi Fujita

  2. PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan

    Mitsutoshi Yoneyama

Authors
  1. Mitsutoshi Yoneyama
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  2. Takashi Fujita
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Correspondence to Takashi Fujita .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Cell & Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Baylor Plaza 1, Houston, 77030, Texas, USA

    Rongfu Wang

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Yoneyama, M., Fujita, T. (2012). Cytoplasmic Sensing of Viral Double-Stranded RNA and Activation of Innate Immunity by RIG-I-Like Receptors. In: Wang, R. (eds) Innate Immune Regulation and Cancer Immunotherapy. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9914-6_5

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