Skip to main content

Nonneoplastic and Neoplastic Pituitary Diseases

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Molecular Pathology of Endocrine Diseases

Part of the book series: Molecular Pathology Library ((MPLB,volume 3))

  • 924 Accesses

Abstract

The role of molecular testing in the routine evaluation of pituitary disease is in its infancy. There is currently a very limited role for such testing in the routine clinical evaluation of pituitary lesions. Research studies using molecular techniques is augmenting our understanding of pituitary disease and particularly neoplastic lesions. This chapter provides an overview of the interface between molecular pathology and both nonneoplastic and neoplastic conditions of the pituitary gland.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Missler V, Mack M, Nowack G, et al. Pituitary sarcoidosis. Klin Wochenschr. 1990;68:342–345.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Gartman JJ Jr, Powers SK, Fortune M. Pseudotumor of the sellar and parasellar areas. Neurosurgery. 1989;24:896–901.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Thodou E, Asa SL, Kontogeorgos G, Kovacs K, Horvath E, Ezzat S. Clinical case seminar: lymphocytic hypophysitis: clinicopathological findings. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995;80:2302–2311.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Pastell RG, Best JD, Alford FP. Lymphocytic hypophysitis. The clinical spectrum of the disorder and evidence for an autoimmune pathogenesis. Clin Endocrinol. 1990;33:457–466.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Beressi N, Beressi J-P, Cohen R, Modigliani E. Lymphocytic hypophysitis. A review of 145 cases. Ann Med Interne (Paris). 1999;150:327–341.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Bergeron C, Kovacs K, Bilbao SM. Primary “empty sella”. A histologic and immunologic study. Arch Intern Med. 1979;139:248–249.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Bergland RM, Ray BS, Torack RM. Anatomical variations in the pituitary gland and adjacent structures in 225 human autopsy cases. J Neurosurg. 1968;28:93–99.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Barrow DL, Spector RH, Takei Y, Tindall GT. Symptomatic Rathke’s cleft cysts located entirely in the suprasellar region: review of diagnosis, management and pathogenesis. Neurosurgery. 1985;16:766–772.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Keyaki A, Hirano A, Llena JF. Asymptomatic and symptomatic Rathke’s cleft cysts. Histological study of 45 cases. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 1989;29:88–93.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Steinberg GK, Koenig GH, Golden JB. Symptomatic Rathke’s cleft cysts. Report of two cases. J Neurosurg. 1982;56:290–295.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Ikeda H, Yoshimoto T. Clinicopathological study of Rathke’s cleft cysts. Clin Neuropathol. 2002;21:82–91.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Lundardi P, Missori P, Gagliardi FM, Fortuna A. Dermoid cysts of the posterior cranial fossa in children. Report of nine cases and review of the literature. Surg Neurol. 1990;34:39–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Yamakawa K, Shitara N, Genka S, Manaka S, Takakura K. Clinical course and surgical prognosis of 33 cases of intracranial epidermoid tumors. Neurosurgery. 1989;24:568–573.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Petito CK, DeGirolami U, Earle KM. Craniopharyngiomas: a clinical and pathological review. Cancer. 1976;37:1944–1952.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Van Effenterre R, Boch AL. Craniopharyngioma in adults and children: a study of 122 surgical cases. J Neurosurg. 2002;97:3–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Giangaspero F, Burger PC, Osborne DR, Stein RB. Suprasellar papillary squamous epithelioma (“papillary craniopharyngioma”). Am J Surg Pathol. 1984;8:57–64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Crotty TB, Scheithauer BW, Young WF Jr, et al. Papillary craniopharyngioma: a clinicopathological study of 48 cases. J Neurosurg. 1995;83:206–214.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Nishi T, Kuratsu J, Takeshima H, Saito Y, Kochi M, Ushio Y. Prognostic significance of the MIB-1 labeling index for patients with craniopharyngioma. Int J Mol Med. 1999;3:157–161.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Rickert CH, Paulus W. Lack of chromosomal imbalances in adamantinomatous and papillary craniopharyngiomas. J Neurol Neurosurg Psych. 2003;74:260–261.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Hofmann BM, Kreutzer J, Saeger W, et al. Nuclear beta-catenin accumulation as reliable marker for the differentiation between cystic craniopharyngiomas and Rathke cleft cells: a clinico-pathologic approach. Am J Surg Pathol. 2006;30:1595–1603.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Sekine S, Shibata T, Kokubu A, et al. Craniopharyngiomas of adamantinomatous type harbor beta-catenin gene mutations. Am J Pathol. 2002;161:1997–2001.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Ezzat S, Asa SL, Stefaneanu L, et al. Somatotroph hyperplasia without pituitary adenoma associated with a long standing growth hormone-releasing hormone-producing bronchial carcinoid. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994;78:555–560.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Al-Gahtany M, Horvath E, Kovacs K. Pituitary hyperplasia. Hormones (Athens). 2003;2:149–158.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Horvath E, Kovacs K, Scheithauer BW. Pituitary hyperplasia. Pituitary. 1999;1:169–179.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Scheithauer BW, Horvath E, Randall RV, Kovacs K. Pituitary hyperplasia. Pathol Res Pract. 1998;3:281–289.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK. Subtyping does matter in pituitary adenomas. Acta Neuropathol. 2006;111:84–85.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Asa SL, Ezzat S. Molecular basis of pituitary development and cytogenesis. Front Horm Res. 2004;32:1–19.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Lamolet B, Pulichino AM, Lamonerie T, et al. A pituitary cell-restricted T box factor, Tpit, activates POMC transcription in cooperation with Pitx homeoproteins. Cell. 2001;104:849–859.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Lamonerie T, Tremblay JJ, Lanctot C, Therrien M, Gauthier Y, Drouin J. Ptx1, a bicoid-related homeo box transcription factor involved in transcription of the pro-opiomelanocortin gene. Genes Dev. 1996;10:1284–1295.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Poulin G, Turgeon B, Drouin J. NeuroD1/beta2 contributes to cell-specific transcription of the proopiomelanocortin gene. Mol Cell Biol. 1997;17:6673–6682.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Mangalam HJ, Albert VR, Ingraham HA, et al. A pituitary POU domain protein, Pit-1, activates both growth hormone and prolactin promoters transcriptionally. Genes Dev. 1989;3:946–958.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Simmons DM, Voss JW, Ingraham HA, et al. Pituitary cell phenotypes involve cell-specific Pit-1 mRNA translation and synergistic interactions with other classes of transcription factors. Genes Dev. 1990;4:695–711.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Day RN, Koike S, Sakai M, Muramatsu M, Maurer RA. Both Pit-1 and the estrogen receptor are required for estrogen responsiveness of the rat prolactin gene. Mol Endocrinol. 1990;4:1964–1971.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Scully KM, Rosenfeld MG. Pituitary development: regulatory codes in mammalian organogenesis. Science. 2002;295:2231–2235.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Frawley LS, Boockfor FR. Mammosomatotropes: presence and functions in normal and neoplastic pituitary tissue. Endocr Rev. 1991;12:337–355.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Asa SL, Bamberger AM, Cao B, Wong M, Parker KL, Ezzat S. The transcription activator steroidogenic factor-1 is preferentially expressed in the human pituitary gonadotroph. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996;81:2165–2170.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Lloyd R. Tumors of the pituitary gland. In: DeLellis RA, Lloyd R, Heitz PU, eds. World Health Organization Classification of Tumours. Pathology and Genetics. Tumors of Endocrine Organs. Lyons: IARC; 2004:9–48.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Laws ER Jr, Lopes MB. The new WHO classification of pituitary tumors: highlights and areas of controversy. Acta Neuropathol. 2006;111:80–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Snyder PJ. Clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1993;22:163–175.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Serri O, Chik CL, Ur E, Ezzat S. Diagnosis and management of hyperprolactinemia. CMAJ. 2003;169:575–581.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Horvath E, Kovacs K. Pathology of prolactin cell adenomas of the human pituitary. Semin Diagn Pathol. 1986;3:4–17.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Kovacs K, Stefaneanu L, Horvath E, et al. Effect of dopamine agonist medication on prolactin producing pituitary adenomas. A morphological study including immunocytochemistry, electron microscopy and in situ hybridization. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol. 1991;418:439–446.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Asa SL. Tumors of the Pituitary Gland. Washington, DC: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology; 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Rocken C, Uhlig H, Saeger W, Linke RP, Fehr S. Amyloid deposits in pituitaries and pituitary adenomas: immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Endocr Pathol. 1995;6:135–143.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Thorner MO. The anterior pituitary. In: Wilson JD, Foster DW, Kronenberg HM, eds. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1998:249–340.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Kovacs K, Scheithauer BW, Horvath E, Lloyd RV. The World Health Organization classification of adenohypophysial neoplasms. A proposed five-tier scheme. Cancer. 1996;78:502–510.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Neumann PE, Goldman JE, Horoupian DS, Hess MA. Fibrous bodies in growth hormone-secreting adenomas contain cytokeratin filaments. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1985;109:505–508.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Saeger W, Wilczak W, Ludecke DK, Buchfelder M, Fahlbusch R. Hormone markers in pituitary adenomas: changes within last decade resulting from improved method. Endocr Pathol. 2003;14(1):49–54.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Tallen G, Fehr S, Saeger W, Uhlig H, Ludecke DK. Detection of growth hormone, prolactin and human beta-chorionic gonadotropin mRNA in growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas and in prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas by in situ hybridization using a non-isotopic detection method. Acta Endocrinol. 1993;128:411–417.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Al-Brahim NY, Asa SL. My approach to pathology of the pituitary gland. J Clin Pathol. 2006;59:1245–1253.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Ezzat S, Horvath E, Harris AG, Kovacs K. Morphological effects of octreotide on growth hormone-producing pituitary adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994;79:113–118.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Kovacs K, Horvath E. Pathology of growth hormone-producing tumors of the human pituitary. Semin Diagn Pathol. 1986;3:18–33.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Yamada S, Aiba T, Sano T, et al. Growth hormone-producing pituitary adenomas: correlations between clinical characteristics and morphology. Neurosurgery. 1993;33:20–27.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Kemink SA, Wesseling P, Pieters GF, Verhofstad AA, Hermus AR, Smals AG. Progression of a Nelson’s adenoma to pituitary carcinoma; a case report and review of the literature. J Endocrinol Invest. 1999;22:70–75.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Scheithauer BW, Jaap AJ, Horvath E, et al. Clinically silent corticotroph tumors of the pituitary gland. Neurosurgery. 2000;47:723-729. discussion 729–730.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Stefaneanu L, Kovacs K, Horvath E, Lloyd RV. In situ hybridization study of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) gene expression in human pituitary corticotrophs and their adenomas. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol. 1991;419:107–113.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Kurosaki M, Saeger W, Ludecke DK. Pituitary tumors in the elderly. Pathol Res Pract. 2001;197:493–497.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. George DH, Scheithauer BW, Kovacs K, et al. Crooke’s cell adenoma of the pituitary: an aggressive variant of corticotroph adenoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 2003;27:1330–1336.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Webb KM, Laurent JJ, Okonkwo DO, Lopes MB, Vance ML, Laws ER Jr. Clinical characteristics of silent corticotrophic adenomas and creation of an internet-accessible database to facilitate their multi-institutional study. Neurosurgery. 2003;53:1076-1084. discussion 1084–1075.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Mindermann T, Wilson CB. Thyrotropin-producing pituitary adenomas. J Neurosurg. 1993;79:521–527.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Scheithauer BW, Kovacs KT, Laws ER Jr, Randall RV. Pathology of invasive pituitary tumors with special reference to functional classification. J Neurosurg. 1986;65:733–744.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Sanno N, Teramoto A, Osamura RY. Long-term surgical outcome in 16 patients with thyrotropin pituitary adenoma. J Neurosurg. 2000;93:194–200.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Young WF Jr, Scheithauer BW, Kovacs KT, Horvath E, Davis DH, Randall RV. Gonadotroph adenoma of the pituitary gland: a clinicopathologic analysis of 100 cases. Mayo Clin Proc. 1996;71:649–656.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Lopes B. Tumors of the pituitary gland. In: Fletcher CDM, ed. Diagnostic Histopathology of Tumors, vol. 2. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier; 2007:971–996.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Labat-Moleur F, Trouillas J, Seret-Begue D, Kujas M, Delisle MB, Ronin C. Evaluation of 29 monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies used in the diagnosis of pituitary adenomas. A collaborative study from pathologists of the Club Francais de l’Hypophyse. Pathol Res Pract. 1991;187:534–538.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Asa SL, Kovacs K. Clinically non-functioning human pituitary adenomas. Can J Neurol Sci. 1992;19:228–235.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Losa M, Mortini P, Barzaghi R, Franzin A, Giovanelli M. Endocrine inactive and gonadotroph adenomas: diagnosis and management. J Neurooncol. 2001;51:16–177.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Zhuang Z, Ezzat SZ, Vortmeyer AO, et al. Mutations of the MEN1 tumor suppressor gene in pituitary tumors. Cancer Res. 1997;57:5446–5451.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Boikos SA, Stratakis CA. Pituitary pathology in patients with Carney Complex: growth-hormone producing hyperplasia or tumors and their association with other abnormalities. Pituitary. 2006;9:203–209.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Daly AF, Jaffrain-Rea ML, Beckers A. Clinical and genetic features of familial pituitary adenomas. Horm Metab Res. 2005;37:347–354.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Akintoye SO, Chebli C, Booher S, et al. Characterization of gsp-mediated growth hormone excess in the context of McCune-Albright syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87:5104–5112.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Karhu A, Aaltonen LA. Susceptibility to pituitary neoplasia related to MEN-1, CDKN1B and AIP mutations: an update. Hum Mol Genet. 2007;16:R73-R79.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Vierimaa O, Georgitsi M, Lehtonen R, et al. Pituitary adenoma predisposition caused by germline mutations in the AIP gene. Science. 2006;312:1228–1230.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Daly AF, Jaffrain-Rea ML, Ciccarelli A, et al. Clinical characterization of familial isolated pituitary adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91:3316–3323.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Burgess JR, Greenaway TM, Shepherd JJ. Expression of the MEN-1 gene in a large kindred with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. J Intern Med. 1998;243:465–470.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Thakker RV. Multiple endocrine neoplasia - syndromes of the twentieth century. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83:2617–2620.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Lopes MB, Scheithauer BW, Schiff D. Pituitary carcinoma: diagnosis and treatment. Endocrine. 2005;28:115–121.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Lubke D, Saeger W. Carcinomas of the pituitary: definition and review of the literature. Gen Diagn Pathol. 1995;141:81–92.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Saeger W, Lubke D. Pituitary carcinomas. Endocr Pathol. 1996;7:21–35.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Gaffey TA, Scheithauer BW, Lloyd RV, et al. Corticotroph carcinoma of the pituitary: a clinicopathological study. Report of four cases. J Neurosurg. 2002;96:352–360.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Cai WY, Alexander JM, Hedley-Whyte ET, et al. Ras mutations in human prolactinomas and pituitary carcinomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994;78:89–93.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Korbonits M, Chahal HS, Kaltsas G, et al. Expression of phosphorylated p27(Kip1) protein and Jun activation domain-binding protein 1 in human pituitary tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87:2635–2643.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Musat M, Vax VV, Borboli N, et al. Cell cycle dysregulation in pituitary oncogenesis. Front Horm Res. 2004;32:34–62.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Rickert CH, Scheithauer BW, Paulus W. Chromosomal aberrations in pituitary carcinoma metastases. Acta Neuropathol. 2001;102:117–120.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Landman RE, Horwith M, Peterson RE, Khandji AG, Wardlaw SL. Long-term survival with ACTH-secreting carcinoma of the pituitary: a case report and review of the literature. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87:3084–3089.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Thapar K, Kovacs K, Scheithauer BW, et al. Proliferative activity and invasiveness among pituitary adenomas and carcinomas: an analysis using the MIB-1 antibody. Neurosurgery. 1996;38:99-106. discussion 106–107.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Jaffrain-Rea ML, Di Stefano D, Minniti G, et al. A critical reappraisal of MIB-1 labelling index significance in a large series of pituitary tumours: secreting versus non-secreting adenomas. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2002;9:103–113.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Hentschel SJ, McCutcheon E, Moore W, Durity FA. P53 and MIB-1 immunohistochemistry as predictors of the clinical behavior of nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. Can J Neurol Sci. 2003;30:215–219.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Schreiber S, Saeger W, Ludecke DK. Proliferation markers in different types of clinically non-secreting pituitary adenomas. Pituitary. 1999;1:213–220.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Mastronardi L, Guiducci A, Spera C, Puzzilli F, Liberati F, Maira G. Ki-67 labelling index and invasiveness among anterior pituitary adenomas: analysis of 103 cases using the MIB-1 monoclonal antibody. J Clin Pathol. 1999;52:107–111.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Saeger W. Pituitary tumors: prognostic indicators. Endocrine. 2005;28:57–66.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Pizarro CB, Oliveira MC, Coutinho LB, Ferreira NP. Measurement of Ki-67 antigen in 159 pituitary adenomas using the MIB-1 monoclonal antibody. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2004;37:235–243.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Oliveira MC, Marroni CP, Pizarro CB, Pereira-Lima JF, Barbosa-Coutinho LM, Ferreira NP. Expression of p53 protein in pituitary adenomas. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2002;35:561–565.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Vidal S, Kovacs K, Bell D, Horvath E, Scheithauer BW, Lloyd RV. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human pituitary tumors. Cancer. 2003;97:2814–2821.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Riss D, Jin L, Qian X, et al. Differential expression of galectin-3 in pituitary tumors. Cancer Res. 2003;63:2251–2255.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Spada A. Growth factors and human pituitary adenomas. Eur J Endocrinol. 1998;138:255–257.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Ito M, Enomoto H, Usa T, et al. Expression of parathyroid hormone related peptide in human pituitary tumours. J Clin Pathol. 1993;46:682–683.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Clayton RN, Farrell WE. Clonality of pituitary tumours: more complicated than initially envisaged? Brain Pathol. 2001;11:313–327.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Bystrom C, Larsson C, Blomberg C, et al. Localization of the MEN1 gene to a small region within chromosome 11q13 by deletion mapping in tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1990;87:1968–1972.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Bale AE, Norton JA, Wong EL, et al. Allelic loss on chromosome 11 in hereditary and sporadic tumors related to familial multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. Cancer Res. 1991;51:1154–1157.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Wrocklage C, Gold H, Hackl W, Buchfelder M, Fahlbusch R, Paulus W. Increased menin expression in sporadic pituitary adenomas. Clin Endocrinol. 2002;56:589–594.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Vallar L, Spada A, Giannattasio G. Altered Gs and adenylate cyclase activity in human GH-secreting pituitary adenomas. Nature. 1987;330:566–568.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Clementi E, Malgaretti N, Meldolesi J, Taramelli R. A new constitutively activating mutation of the Gs protein alpha subunit-gsp oncogene is found in human pituitary tumours. Oncogene. 1990;5:1059–1061.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Lania A, Mantovani G, Spada A. Genetics of pituitary tumors: focus on G-protein mutations. Exp Biol Med. 2003;228:1004–1017.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Boggild MD, Jenkinson S, Pistorello M, et al. Molecular genetic studies of sporadic pituitary tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994;78:387–392.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Weinstein LS, Yu S, Warner DR, Liu J. Endocrine manifestations of stimulatory G protein alpha-subunit mutations and the role of genomic imprinting. Endocr Rev. 2001;22:675–705.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Pei L, Melmed S. Isolation and characterization of a pituitary tumor-transforming gene (PTTG). Mol Endocrinol. 1997;11:433–441.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Zhang X, Horwitz GA, Heaney AP, et al. Pituitary tumor transforming gene (PTTG) expression in pituitary adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84:761–767.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Heaney AP, Horwitz GA, Wang Z, Singson R, Melmed S. Early involvement of estrogen-induced pituitary tumor transforming gene and fibroblast growth factor expression in prolactinoma pathogenesis. Nat Med. 1999;5:1317–1321.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Levy A, Hall L, Yeudall WA, Lightman SL. p53 gene mutations in pituitary adenomas: rare events. Clin Endocrinol. 1994;41:809–814.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Herman V, Drazin NZ, Gonsky R, Melmed S. Molecular screening of pituitary adenomas for gene mutations and rearrangements. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993;77:50–55.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Thapar K, Scheithauer BW, Kovacs K, Pernicone PJ, Laws ER Jr. p53 expression in pituitary adenomas and carcinomas: correlation with invasiveness and tumor growth fractions. Neurosurgery. 1996;38:765-770. discussion 770–761.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Jordan S, Lidhar K, Korbonits M, Lowe DG, Grossman AB. Cyclin D and cyclin E expression in normal and adenomatous pituitary. Eur J Endocrinol. 2000;143:R1-R6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Turner HE, Nagy Z, Sullivan N, Esiri MM, Wass JA. Expression analysis of cyclins in pituitary adenomas and the normal pituitary gland. Clin Endocrinol. 2000;53:337–344.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Cryns VL, Alexander JM, Klibanski A, Arnold A. The retinoblastoma gene in human pituitary tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993;77:644–646.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Pei L, Melmed S, Scheithauer B, Kovacs K, Benedict WF, Prager D. Frequent loss of heterozygosity at the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene (RB) locus in aggressive pituitary tumors: evidence for a chromosome 13 tumor suppressor gene other than RB. Cancer Res. 1995;55:1613–1616.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Cohen-Gadol AA, Pichelmann MA, Link MJ, et al. Granular cell tumor of the sellar and suprasellar region: clinicopathologic study of 11 cases and literature review. Mayo Clinic Proc. 2003;78:567–573.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  118. Luse SA, Kernohan JW. Granular cell tumors of the stalk and posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Cancer. 1955;8:616–622.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Vogelgesang S, Junge MH, Pahnke J, Gaab MR, Warzok RW. Sellar/suprasellar mass in a 59-year-old woman. Brain Pathol. 2002;12:136–139.

    Google Scholar 

  120. Nishioka H, Ii K, Llena JF, Hirano A. Immunohistochemical study of granular cell tumors of the neurophypophysis. Virchow Arch. 1991;60:413–417.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Rickert CH, Paulus W. Genetic characterization of granular cell tumours. Acta Neuropathol. 2002;103:309–312.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Figarella-Branger D, Dufour H, Fernandez C, Boyvier-Labbit C, Grisoli F, Pellissier JF. Pituicytoma, a mis-diagnosed benign tumor of the neurohypophysis: report of three cases. Acta Neuropathol. 2002;104:313–319.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Brat DJ, Scheithauer BW, Staugaitis SM, Cortez SC, Brecher K, Burger PC. Pituicytoma: a distinctive low-grade gloma of the neurohypophysis. Am J Surg Pathol. 2000;24:362–368.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Kowalski RJ, Prayson RA, Mayberg MR. Pituicytoma. Ann Diagn Pathol. 2004;8:290–294.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Kloub O, Perry A, Tu PH, Lipper M, Lopes MB. Spindle cell oncocytoma of the adenohypophysis: report of two recurrent cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 2005;29:247–253.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Roncaroli F, Scheithauer BW, Cenacchi G, et al. Spindle cell oncocytoma of the adenohypophysis: a tumor of folliculostellate cells. Am J Surg Pathol. 2002;26:1048–1055.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Aaberg TM Jr, Kay M, Sternau L. Metastatic tumor to the pituitary. Am J Ophtalmol. 1995;119:779–785.

    Google Scholar 

  128. Heshmati HM, Scheithauer BW, Young WF Jr. Metastases to the pituitary gland. Endocrinologist. 2002;12:45–49.

    Google Scholar 

  129. Max MB, Deck MD, Rottenberg DA. Pituitary metastasis: incidence in cancer patients and clinical differentiation from pituitary adenoma. Neurology. 1981;31:998–1002.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Teears RJ, Silverman EM. Clinicopathologic review of 88 cases of carcinoma metastatic to the pituitary gland. Cancer. 1975;36:216–220.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Kattah JC, Silgals RM, Manz H, Toro JG, Dritschilo A, Smith FP. Presentation and management of parasellar and suprasellar metastatic mass lesions. J Neurol Neurosurg Psych. 1985;48:44–49.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Molinatti PA, Scheithauer BW, Randall RV, Laws ER Jr. Metastases to pituitary adenoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1985;109:287–289.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Noga C, Prayson RA, Kowalski R, Sweeney PJ, Mayberg M. Metastatic adenocarcinoma to a pituitary adenoma: a case report and review of the literature. Ann Diagn Pathol. 2001;5:354–360.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Jennings MT, Gelman R, Hochberg F. Intracranial germ-cell tumors: natural history and pathogenesis. J Neurosurg. 1985;63:155–167.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Poon W, Ng HK, Wong K, South JR. Primary intrasellar germinoma presenting with cavernous sinus syndrome. Surg Neurol. 1988;30:402–405.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Nemoto K, Ohnishi Y, Tsukada T. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia showing pituitary tumor with massive leukemic cell infiltration, and special reference to clinicopathological findings of CLL. Acta Pathol Jpn. 1978;28:797–805.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Samaratunga H, Perry-Keene D, Apel RL. Primary lymphoma of pituitary gland: a neoplasm of acquired MALT? Endocr Pathol. 1997;8:335–341.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Sanchez JA, Rahman S, Strauss RA, Kaye GI. Multiple myeloma masquerading as a pituitary tumor. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1977;101:55–56.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Nishio S, Mizuno J, Barrow DL, Takei Y, Tindall GT. Isolated histiocytosis X of the pituitary gland: case report. Neurosurgery. 1987;21:718–721.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Ober KP, Alexander E Jr, Challa VR, Ferree C, Elster A. Histiocytosis X of the hypothalamus. Neurosurgery. 1989;24:93–95.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Vaquero J, Areitio E, Martinez R. Intracranial parasellar plasmacytoma. Arch Neurol. 1982;39:738.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Angiari P, Torcia E, Botticelli RA, Villani M, Merli GA, Crisi G. Ossifying parasellar chondroma. Case report. J Neurosurg Sci. 1987;31:59–63.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Asa SL, Kovacs K, Horvath E, Ezrin C, Weiss MH. Sellar glomangioma. Ultrastruct Pathol. 1984;7:49–54.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Bots GT, Tijssen CC, Wijnalda D, Teepen JL. Alveolar soft part sarcoma of the pituitary gland with secondary involvement of the right cerebral ventricle. Br J Neurosurg. 1988;2:101–107.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Chang WH, Khosla VK, Radotra BD, Kak VK. Large cavernous hemangioma of the pituitary fossa: a case report. Br J Neurosurg. 1991;5:627–629.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  146. Dan NG, Smith DE. Pituitary hemangioblastoma in a patient with von Hippel-Lindau disease. J Neurosurg. 1975;42:232–235.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Miki K, Kawamoto K, Kawamura Y, Matsumura H, Asada Y, Hamada A. A rare case of Maffucci’s syndrome combined with tuberculum sella enchondroma, pituitary adenoma and thyroid adenoma. Acta Neurochir. 1987;87:79–85.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Sansone ME, Liwnicz BH, Mandybur TI. Giant pituitary cavernous hemangioma: case report. J Neurosurg. 1980;53:124–126.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Viswanathan R, Jegathraman AR, Ganapathy K, Bharati AS, Govindan R. Parasellar chondromyxofibroma with ipsilateral total internal carotid artery occlusion. Surg Neurol. 1987;28:141–144.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Baran, C.B.W., Prayson, R.A. (2010). Nonneoplastic and Neoplastic Pituitary Diseases. In: Hunt, J. (eds) Molecular Pathology of Endocrine Diseases. Molecular Pathology Library, vol 3. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1707-2_18

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1707-2_18

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-1706-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-1707-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics