Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Gastrinoma

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Endocrine Neoplasia

Part of the book series: Cancer Treatment and Research ((CTAR,volume 153))

Abstract

Gastrinomas are uncommon tumors of the endocrine system, occurring within the pancreas and duodenum. Overproduction of the hormone gastrin by these tumors produces a sustained increase in gastric acid secretion, leading to complications of peptic ulceration known as the Zollinger–Ellison syndrome (ZES). Furthermore, gastrinomas have the potential to metastasize to regional lymph nodes, the liver and to other distant sites, and it is this malignant potential which has become increasingly important since the introduction of effective medical therapy to control gastric acid secretion. Gastrinomas can occur sporadically or in a familial pattern as a component of the multiple endocrine neoplasia type I (MEN1) syndrome. Given that the endocrinopathy associated with these tumors can be well controlled medically, the role of surgical resection in the setting of advanced disease and in patients with MEN1 syndrome is the subject of continued debate.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Seiler S, Zinninger MM (1946) Massive islet cell tumor of the pancreas without hypoglycemia. Surg Gynecol Obstet 82:301

    Google Scholar 

  2. Zollinger RM, Ellison EH (1955) Primary peptic ulcerations of the jejunum associated with islet cell tumors of the pancreas. Ann Surg 142:709–723 discussion, 24–28

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Gregory RA, Tracy HJ, French JM, Sircus W (1960) Extraction of a gastrin-like substance from a pancreatic tumour in a case of Zollinger–Ellison syndrome. Lancet 1:1045–1048

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Gregory RA, Grossman MI, Tracy HJ, Bentley PH (1967) Nature of the gastric secretagogue in Zollinger–Ellison tumours. Lancet 2:543–544

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. McGuigan JE, Trudeau WL (1968) Immunochemical measurement of elevated levels of gastrin in the serum of patients with pancreatic tumors of the Zollinger–Ellison variety. N Engl J Med 278:1308–1313

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Oberhelman HA Jr, Nelsen TS, Johnson AN Jr, Dragstedt LR 2nd (1961) Ulcerogenic tumors of the duodenum. Ann Surg 153:214–227

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Rawson AB, England MT, Gillam GG, French JM, Stammers FA (1960) Zollinger–Ellison syndrome with diarrhoea and malabsorption. Observations on a patient before and after pancreatic islet-cell tumour removal with-out resort. Lancet 2:131–134

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Dockray GJ, Varro A, Dimaline R, Wang T (2001) The gastrins: their production and biological activities. Annu Rev Physiol 63:119–139

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Noble F, Wank SA, Crawley JN et al (1999) International Union of Pharmacology. XXI. Structure, distribution, and functions of cholecystokinin receptors. Pharmacol Rev 51:745–781

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Orlando LA, Lenard L, Orlando RC (2007) Chronic hypergastrinemia: causes and consequences. Dig Dis Sci 52:2482–2489

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Trudeau WL, McGuigan JE (1969) Effects of calcium on serum gastrin levels in the Zollinger–Ellison syndrome. N Engl J Med 281:862–866

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Bartsch D, Kopp I, Bergenfelz A et al (1998) MEN1 gene mutations in 12 MEN1 families and their associated tumors. Eur J Endocrinol 139:416–420

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Cavallari I, D’Agostino DM, Ferro T et al (2003) In situ analysis of human menin in normal and neoplastic pancreatic tissues: evidence for differential expression in exocrine and endocrine cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:3893–3901

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Bartsch DK, Fendrich V, Langer P, Celik I, Kann PH, Rothmund M (2005) Outcome of duodenopancreatic resections in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. Ann Surg 242:757–764 discussion 64–66

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Burgess JR, Greenaway TM, Parameswaran V, Challis DR, David R, Shepherd JJ (1998) Enteropancreatic malignancy associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1: risk factors and pathogenesis. Cancer 83:428–434

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Goebel SU, Heppner C, Burns AL et al (2000) Genotype/phenotype correlation of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 gene mutations in sporadic gastrinomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:116–123

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Kawamura J, Shimada Y, Komoto I et al (2005) Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 gene mutations in sporadic gastrinomas in Japan. Oncol Rep 14:47–52

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Wang EH, Ebrahimi SA, Wu AY, Kashefi C, Passaro E Jr, Sawicki MP (1998) Mutation of the MENIN gene in sporadic pancreatic endocrine tumors. Cancer Res 58:4417–4420

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Zhuang Z, Vortmeyer AO, Pack S et al (1997) Somatic mutations of the MEN1 tumor suppressor gene in sporadic gastrinomas and insulinomas. Cancer Res 57:4682–4686

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Chen YJ, Vortmeyer A, Zhuang Z, Huang S, Jensen RT (2003) Loss of heterozygosity of chromosome 1q in gastrinomas: occurrence and prognostic significance. Cancer Res 63:817–823

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Wild A, Langer P, Celik I, Chaloupka B, Bartsch DK (2002) Chromosome 22q in pancreatic endocrine tumors: identification of a homozygous deletion and potential prognostic associations of allelic deletions. Eur J Endocrinol 147:507–513

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Serrano J, Goebel SU, Peghini PL, Lubensky IA, Gibril F, Jensen RT (2000) Alterations in the p16INK4a/CDKN2A tumor suppressor gene in gastrinomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:4146–4156

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Furukawa M, Raffeld M, Mateo C et al (2005) Increased expression of insulin-like growth factor I and/or its receptor in gastrinomas is associated with low curability, increased growth, and development of metastases. Clin Cancer Res 11:3233–3242

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Peghini PL, Iwamoto M, Raffeld M et al (2002) Overexpression of epidermal growth factor and hepatocyte growth factor receptors in a proportion of gastrinomas correlates with aggressive growth and lower curability. Clin Cancer Res 8:2273–2285

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Goebel SU, Iwamoto M, Raffeld M et al (2002) Her-2/neu expression and gene amplification in gastrinomas: correlations with tumor biology, growth, and aggressiveness. Cancer Res 62:3702–3710

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Yao JC, Eisner MP, Leary C et al (2007) Population-based study of islet cell carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 14:3492–3500

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Ellison EC, Sparks J, Verducci JS et al (2006) 50-year appraisal of gastrinoma: recommendations for staging and treatment. J Am Coll Surg 202:897–905

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Roy PK, Venzon DJ, Shojamanesh H et al (2000) Zollinger–Ellison syndrome. Clinical presentation in 261 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 79:379–411

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Soga J, Yakuwa Y (1998) The gastrinoma/Zollinger–Ellison syndrome: statistical evaluation of a Japanese series of 359 cases. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 5:77–85

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Yu F, Venzon DJ, Serrano J et al (1999) Prospective study of the clinical course, prognostic factors, causes of death, and survival in patients with long-standing Zollinger–Ellison syndrome. J Clin Oncol 17:615–630

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Fraker DL, Norton JA, Saeed ZA, Maton PN, Gardner JD, Jensen RT (1988) A prospective study of perioperative and postoperative control of acid hypersecretion in patients with Zollinger–Ellison syndrome undergoing gastrinoma resection. Surgery 104:1054–1063

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Roy PK, Venzon DJ, Feigenbaum KM et al (2001) Gastric secretion in Zollinger–Ellison syndrome. Correlation with clinical expression, tumor extent and role in diagnosis – a prospective NIH study of 235 patients and a review of 984 cases in the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 80:189–222

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Dhillo WS, Jayasena CN, Lewis CJ et al (2006) Plasma gastrin measurement cannot be used to diagnose a gastrinoma in patients on either proton pump inhibitors or histamine type-2 receptor antagonists. Ann Clin Biochem 43:153–155

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Berna MJ, Hoffmann KM, Serrano J, Gibril F, Jensen RT (2006) Serum gastrin in Zollinger–Ellison syndrome: I. Prospective study of fasting serum gastrin in 309 patients from the National Institutes of Health and comparison with 2229 cases from the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 85:295–330

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Wada M, Komoto I, Doi R, Imamura M (2002) Intravenous calcium injection test is a novel complementary procedure in differential diagnosis for gastrinoma. World J Surg 26:1291–1296

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Berna MJ, Hoffmann KM, Long SH, Serrano J, Gibril F, Jensen RT (2006) Serum gastrin in Zollinger–Ellison syndrome: II. Prospective study of gastrin provocative testing in 293 patients from the National Institutes of Health and comparison with 537 cases from the literature. evaluation of diagnostic criteria, proposal of new criteria, and correlations with clinical and tumoral features. Medicine (Baltimore) 85:331–364

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Tomassetti P, Migliori M, Simoni P et al (2001) Diagnostic value of plasma chromogranin A in neuroendocrine tumours. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 13:55–58

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Jordan PH Jr (1999) A personal experience with pancreatic and duodenal neuroendocrine tumors. J Am Coll Surg 189:470–482

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Kaplan EL, Horvath K, Udekwu A et al (1990) Gastrinomas: a 42-year experience. World J Surg 14:365–375 discussion 75–76

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Norton JA, Fraker DL, Alexander HR et al (2006) Surgery increases survival in patients with gastrinoma. Ann Surg 244:410–419

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Norton JA, Fraker DL, Alexander HR et al (1999) Surgery to cure the Zollinger–Ellison syndrome. N Engl J Med 341:635–644

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Pipeleers-Marichal M, Donow C, Heitz PU, Kloppel G (1993) Pathologic aspects of gastrinomas in patients with Zollinger–Ellison syndrome with and without multiple endocrine neoplasia type I. World J Surg 17:481–488

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Stabile BE, Morrow DJ, Passaro E Jr (1984) The gastrinoma triangle: operative implications. Am J Surg 147:25–31

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Zogakis TG, Gibril F, Libutti SK et al (2003) Management and outcome of patients with sporadic gastrinoma arising in the duodenum. Ann Surg 238:42–48

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Weber HC, Venzon DJ, Lin JT et al (1995) Determinants of metastatic rate and survival in patients with Zollinger–Ellison syndrome: a prospective long-term study. Gastroenterology 108:1637–1649

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Phan GQ, Yeo CJ, Hruban RH, Lillemoe KD, Pitt HA, Cameron JL (1998) Surgical experience with pancreatic and peripancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: review of 125 patients. J Gastrointest Surg 2:472–482

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Sugg SL, Norton JA, Fraker DL et al (1993) A prospective study of intraoperative methods to diagnose and resect duodenal gastrinomas. Ann Surg 218:138–144

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Ruszniewski P, Podevin P, Cadiot G et al (1993) Clinical, anatomical, and evolutive features of patients with the Zollinger–Ellison syndrome combined with type I multiple endocrine neoplasia. Pancreas 8:295–304

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Wu PC, Alexander HR, Bartlett DL et al (1997) A prospective analysis of the frequency, location, and curability of ectopic (nonpancreaticoduodenal, nonnodal) gastrinoma. Surgery 122:1176–1182

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Norton JA, Alexander HR, Fraker DL, Venzon DJ, Gibril F, Jensen RT (2003) Possible primary lymph node gastrinoma: occurrence, natural history, and predictive factors: a prospective study. Ann Surg 237:650–657 discussion 7–9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Termanini B, Gibril F, Reynolds JC et al (1997) Value of somatostatin receptor scintigraphy: a prospective study in gastrinoma of its effect on clinical management. Gastroenterology 112:335–347

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Tonelli F, Fratini G, Nesi G et al (2006) Pancreatectomy in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1-related gastrinomas and pancreatic endocrine neoplasias. Ann Surg 244:61–70

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Hofland LJ, Liu Q, Van Koetsveld PM et al (1999) Immunohistochemical detection of somatostatin receptor subtypes sst1 and sst2A in human somatostatin receptor positive tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:775–780

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Alexander HR, Fraker DL, Norton JA et al (1998) Prospective study of somatostatin receptor scintigraphy and its effect on operative outcome in patients with Zollinger–Ellison syndrome. Ann Surg 228:228–238

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Proye C, Malvaux P, Pattou F et al (1998) Noninvasive imaging of insulinomas and gastrinomas with endoscopic ultrasonography and somatostatin receptor scintigraphy. Surgery 124:1134–1143 discussion 43–44

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Bansal R, Tierney W, Carpenter S, Thompson N, Scheiman JM (1999) Cost effectiveness of EUS for preoperative localization of pancreatic endocrine tumors. Gastrointest Endosc 49:19–25

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Imamura M, Takahashi K, Adachi H et al (1987) Usefulness of selective arterial secretin injection test for localization of gastrinoma in the Zollinger–Ellison syndrome. Ann Surg 205:230–239

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Dhillo WS, Jayasena CN, Jackson JE et al (2005) Localization of gastrinomas by selective intra-arterial calcium injection in patients on proton pump inhibitor or H2 receptor antagonist therapy. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 17:429–433

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Orlefors H, Sundin A, Garske U et al (2005) Whole-body (11)C-5-hydroxytryptophan positron emission tomography as a universal imaging technique for neuroendocrine tumors: comparison with somatostatin receptor scintigraphy and computed tomography. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:3392–3400

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Gabriel M, Decristoforo C, Kendler D et al (2007) 68Ga-DOTA-Tyr3-octreotide PET in neuroendocrine tumors: comparison with somatostatin receptor scintigraphy and CT. J Nucl Med 48:508–518

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Zollinger RM, Martin EW Jr, Carey LC, Sparks J, Minton JP (1976) Observations on the postoperative tumor growth behavior of certain islet cell tumors. Ann Surg 184:525–530

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Gibril F, Doppman JL, Reynolds JC et al (1998) Bone metastases in patients with gastrinomas: a prospective study of bone scanning, somatostatin receptor scanning, and magnetic resonance image in their detection, frequency, location, and effect of their detection on management. J Clin Oncol 16:1040–1053

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Ellison EC, Sparks J (2003) Zollinger–Ellison syndrome in the era of effective acid suppression: are we unknowingly growing tumors? Am J Surg 186:245–248

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Norton JA (1999) Intraoperative methods to stage and localize pancreatic and duodenal tumors. Ann Oncol 10(Suppl 4):182–184

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Thompson NW, Pasieka J, Fukuuchi A (1993) Duodenal gastrinomas, duodenotomy, and duodenal exploration in the surgical management of Zollinger–Ellison syndrome. World J Surg 17:455–462

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Thompson NW, Vinik AI, Eckhauser FE (1989) Microgastrinomas of the duodenum. A cause of failed operations for the Zollinger–Ellison syndrome. Ann Surg 209:396–404

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Norton JA, Alexander HR, Fraker DL, Venzon DJ, Gibril F, Jensen RT (2004) Does the use of routine duodenotomy (DUODX) affect rate of cure, development of liver metastases, or survival in patients with Zollinger–Ellison syndrome? Ann Surg 239:617–625 discussion 26

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Akerstrom G, Hessman O, Hellman P, Skogseid B (2005) Pancreatic tumours as part of the MEN-1 syndrome. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 19:819–830

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. NCCN practice guidelines in oncology: neuroendocrine tumors V.1.2008. National comprehensive cancer network, 2008. http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/PDF/neuroendocrine.pdf. Accessed July 20 2008

  70. Zeiger MA, Shawker TH, Norton JA (1993) Use of intraoperative ultrasonography to localize islet cell tumors. World J Surg 17:448–454

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Sarmiento JM, Farnell MB, Que FG, Nagorney DM (2002) Pancreaticoduodenectomy for islet cell tumors of the head of the pancreas: long-term survival analysis. World J Surg 26:1267–1271

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Metz DC, Benya RV, Fishbeyn VA et al (1993) Prospective study of the need for long-term antisecretory therapy in patients with Zollinger–Ellison syndrome following successful curative gastrinoma resection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 7:247–257

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Norton JA, Jensen RT (2004) Resolved and unresolved controversies in the surgical management of patients with Zollinger–Ellison syndrome. Ann Surg 240:757–773

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Norton JA, Doherty GM, Fraker DL et al (1998) Surgical treatment of localized gastrinoma within the liver: a prospective study. Surgery 124:1145–1152

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Sarmiento JM, Heywood G, Rubin J, Ilstrup DM, Nagorney DM, Que FG (2003) Surgical treatment of neuroendocrine metastases to the liver: a plea for resection to increase survival. J Am Coll Surg 197:29–37

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Touzios JG, Kiely JM, Pitt SC et al (2005) Neuroendocrine hepatic metastases: does aggressive management improve survival? Ann Surg 241:776–783 discussion 83–85

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Gillams A, Cassoni A, Conway G, Lees W (2005) Radiofrequency ablation of neuroendocrine liver metastases: the Middlesex experience. Abdom Imaging 30:435–441

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Ruszniewski P, Rougier P, Roche A et al (1993) Hepatic arterial chemoembolization in patients with liver metastases of endocrine tumors. A prospective phase II study in 24 patients. Cancer 71:2624–2630

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Kennedy AS, Dezarn WA, McNeillie P et al (2008) Radioembolization for unresectable neuroendocrine hepatic metastases using resin 90Y-microspheres: early results in 148 patients. Am J Clin Oncol 31:271–279

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Grama D, Eriksson B, Martensson H et al (1992) Clinical characteristics, treatment and survival in patients with pancreatic tumors causing hormonal syndromes. World J Surg 16:632–639

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Kouvaraki MA, Ajani JA, Hoff P et al (2004) Fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and streptozocin in the treatment of patients with locally advanced and metastatic pancreatic endocrine carcinomas. J Clin Oncol 22:4762–4771

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. De Jong M, Valkema R, Jamar F et al (2002) Somatostatin receptor-targeted radionuclide therapy of tumors: preclinical and clinical findings. Semin Nucl Med 32:133–140

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Frilling A, Weber F, Saner F et al (2006) Treatment with (90)Y- and (177)Lu-DOTATOC in patients with metastatic neuroendocrine tumors. Surgery 140:968–976 discussion 76–77

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Shojamanesh H, Gibril F, Louie A et al (2002) Prospective study of the antitumor efficacy of long-term octreotide treatment in patients with progressive metastatic gastrinoma. Cancer 94:331–343

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Yao JC, Phan AT, Chang DZ et al (2006) Phase II study of RAD001 (everolimus) and depot octreotide (Sandostatin LAR) in patients with advanced low grade neuroendocrine carcinoma (LGEP NET). J Clin Oncol 24:4042

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. Gibril F, Schumann M, Pace A, Jensen RT (2004) Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 and Zollinger–Ellison syndrome: a prospective study of 107 cases and comparison with 1009 cases from the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 83:43–83

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. Jensen RT (1998) Management of the Zollinger–Ellison syndrome in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. J Intern Med 243:477–488

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Shepherd JJ, Challis DR, Davies PF, McArdle JP, Teh BT, Wilkinson S (1993) Multiple endocrine neoplasm, type 1. Gastrinomas, pancreatic neoplasms, microcarcinoids, the Zollinger–Ellison syndrome, lymph nodes, and hepatic metastases. Arch Surg 128:1133–1142

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Thompson NW (1998) Current concepts in the surgical management of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 pancreatic-duodenal disease. Results in the treatment of 40 patients with Zollinger–Ellison syndrome, hypoglycaemia or both. J Intern Med 243:495–500

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Dean PG, van Heerden JA, Farley DR et al (2000) Are patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type I prone to premature death? World J Surg 24:1437–1441

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Gibril F, Venzon DJ, Ojeaburu JV, Bashir S, Jensen RT (2001) Prospective study of the natural history of gastrinoma in patients with MEN1: definition of an aggressive and a nonaggressive form. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:5282–5293

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Wilson SD, Krzywda EA, Zhu Y et al (2008) The influence of surgery in MEN1 syndrome: observations over 150 years. Surgery 144:695–702

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Metz DC, Soffer E, Forsmark CE et al (2003) Maintenance oral pantoprazole therapy is effective for patients with Zollinger–Ellison syndrome and idiopathic hypersecretion. Am J Gastroenterol 98:301–307

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Anlauf M, Perren A, Meyer CL et al (2005) Precursor lesions in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1-associated duodenal gastrinomas. Gastroenterology 128:1187–1198

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Hausman MS Jr, Thompson NW, Gauger PG, Doherty GM (2004) The surgical management of MEN-1 pancreatoduodenal neuroendocrine disease. Surgery 136:1205–1211

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Skogseid B, Oberg K, Eriksson B et al (1996) Surgery for asymptomatic pancreatic lesion in multiple endocrine neoplasia type I. World J Surg 20:872–876 discussion 7

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Norton JA, Fang TD, Jensen RT (2006) Surgery for gastrinoma and insulinoma in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 4:148–153

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Triponez F, Goudet P, Dosseh D et al (2006) Is surgery beneficial for MEN1 patients with small (< or = 2 cm), nonfunctioning pancreaticoduodenal endocrine tumor? An analysis of 65 patients from the GTE. World J Surg 30:654–662 discussion 63–64

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Kouvaraki MA, Shapiro SE, Cote GJ et al (2006) Management of pancreatic endocrine tumors in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. World J Surg 30:643–653

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Surgery, University of Calgary and Tom Baker Cancer Centre, 10th Floor North Tower, Foothills Medical Center, 1403 – 29 Street NW, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 2T9

    Janice L. Pasieka (Faculty of Medicine)

Authors
  1. Anthony J. Chambers
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Janice L. Pasieka
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Janice L. Pasieka .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, E. Huron St. 201, Chicago, 60611, U.S.A.

    Cord Sturgeon

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Chambers, A.J., Pasieka, J.L. (2010). Gastrinoma. In: Sturgeon, C. (eds) Endocrine Neoplasia. Cancer Treatment and Research, vol 153. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0857-5_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0857-5_12

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-0856-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-0857-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation