Sequelae of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), liver cirrhosis (LC) and their complications, are health burdens of the world. Improving treatment results for early stage HCC makes the screening meaningful. Two-staged HCC screening identifying high risk subjects in the first stage and screening for HCC by ultrasonography (US) in the second stage is a practical and workable concept. The benefit of US screening on high risk groups has been well documented, but “who should be included in the US screening” depends on cost-benefits and considerations of feasibility.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Afdhal, N.H., and Nunes, D. 2004. Evaluation of liver fibrosis: a concise review. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 99: 1160–1174.
Boeker, K.H., Haberkorn, C.I., Michels, D., Flemming, P., Manns, M.P., and Lichtinghagen, R. 2002. Diagnostic potential of circulating TIMP-1 and MMP-2 as markers of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Clin. Chim. Acta 316: 71–81.
Bolondi, L., Sofia, S., Siringo, S., Gaiani, S., Casali, A., Zironi, G., Piscaglia, F., Gramantieri, L., Zanetti, M., and Sherman, M. 2001. Surveillance programme of cirrhotic patients for early detection and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: a cost effectiveness analysis. Gut 48: 251–259.
Borroni, G., Ceriani, R., Cazzaniga, M., Tommasini, M., Roncalli, M., Maltempo, C., Felline, C., and Salerno, F. 2006. Comparison of simple tests for the non-invasive diagnosis of clinically silent cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis C. Aliment Pharmacol. Ther. 24: 797–804.
Bruix, J., and Sherman, M. 2005. Management of hepa-tocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 5: 1208–1236.
Chen, T.H., Chen, C.J., Yen, M.F., Lu, S.N., Sun, C.A., Huang, G.T., Yang, P.M., Lee, H.S., and Duffy, S.W. 2002. Ultrasound screening and risk of factors for death from heptocellular carcinoma in a high risk group in Taiwan. Int. J. Cancer 98: 257–261.
Colli, A., Fraquelli, M., Casazza, G., Massironi, S., Colucci, A., Conte, D., and Duca, P. 2006. Accuracy of ultrasonography, spiral CT, magnetic resonance, and alpha-fetoprotein in diagnosing hepatocellular carcinoma: a systemic review. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 101: 513–523.
Daniele, B., Bencivenga, A., Megna, A.S., and Tinessa, V. 2004. α-fetoprotein and ultrasonog-raphy screening for hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 127: 108–112.
Di Bisceglie, A.M. 2004. Issues in screening and surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 127: S104–107.
Fattovich, G., Giustina, G., Degos, F., Tremolada, F., Diodati, G., Almasio, P., Nevens, F., Solinas, A., Mura, D., Brouwer, J.T., Thomas, H., Njapoum, C., Casarin, C., Bonetti, P., Fuschi, P., Basho, J., Tocco, A., Bhalla, A., Galassini, R., Noventa, F., Schalm, S.W., and Realdi, G. 1997. Morbidity and mortality in compensated cirrhosis type C: a retrospective follow-up study of 384 patients. Gastroenterology 112: 463–472.
Forns, X., Ampurdanes, S., Llovet, J.M., Aponte, J., Quintó, L., Martínez-Bauer, E., Bruguera, M., Sánchez-Tapias, J.M., and Rodés, J. 2002. Identification of chronic hepatitis C patients without hepatic fibrosis by a simple predictive model. Hepatology 36: 986–992.
Giannini, E., and Testa, R. 2003. The metabolic syndrome: all criteria are equal, but some criteria are more equal than others. Arch. Intern. Med. 163: 2787–2788.
Guechot, J., Laudat, A., Loria, A., Serfaty, L., Poupon, R., and Giboudeau, J. 1996. Diagnostic accuracy of hyaluronan and type III procollagen amino-terminal peptide serum assays as markers of liver fibrosis in chronic viral hepatitis C evaluated by ROC curve analysis. Clin. Chem. 42: 558–563.
Imbert-Bismut, F., Ratziu, V., Pieroni, L., Charlotte, F., Benhamou, Y., Poynard, T. and MULTIVIRC Group. 2001. Biochemical markers of liver fibro-sis in patients with hepatitis C virus infection: a prospective study. Lancet 357: 1069–1075.
Kelleher, T.B., and Afdhal, N. 2005. Noninvasive assessment of liver fibrosis. Clin. Liver Dis. 9: 667–683.
Kiyosawa, K., Umemura, T., Ichijo, T., Matsumoto, A., Yoshizawa, K., Gad, A., and Tanaka, E. 2004. Hepatocellular carcinoma: recent trends in Japan. Gastroenterology 127: S17–26.
Leykum, L.K., El-Serg, H.B., Cornell, J., and Papadopoulos, K.P. 2007. Screening for hepato-cellular carcinoma veterans with hepatitis C on disease stage, treatment received, and survival. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 5: 508–512.
Lu, S.N., Su, W.W., Yang, S.S., Chang, T.T., Cheng, K.S., Wu, J.C., Lin, H.H., Wu, S.S., Lee, C.M., Changchien, C.S., Chen, C.J., Sheu, J.C., Chen, D.S., and Chen, C.H. 2006a. Secular trends and geographic variations of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus-associated hepatocel-lular carcinoma in Taiwan. Int. J. Cancer 119: 1946–1952.
Lu, S.N., Wang, J.H., Liu, S.L., Hung, C.H., Chen, C.H., Tung, H.D., Chen, T.M., Huang, W.S., Lee, C.M., Chen, C.C., and Changchien, C.S. 2006b. Thrombocytopenia as a surrogate for cirrhosis and a marker for the identification of patients at high-risk for hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 107: 2212–2222.
Lu, S.N., Wang, J.H., Chen, P.F., Tung, H.D., Tseng, P.L., Hung, C.H., Kee, K,M., Chen, C.H., Chang, K.C., Lee, C.M., Changchien, C.S., Chen, Y.D., Tsai, L.S., and Chen, T.H. 2008. Community-based mass ultrasonographic screening of hepatocellular carcinoma among thrombocytopenic adults. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 17: 1813–1821.
Murawaki, Y., Ikuta, Y., Koda, M., Yamada, S., and Kawasaki, H. 1996. Comparison of serum 7S fragment of type IV collagen and serum central triple-helix of type IV collagen for assessment of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic viral liver disease. J. Hepatol. 24: 148–154.
Rossi, E., Adams, L., Prins, A., Bulsara, M., de Boer, B., Garas, G., MacQuillan, G., Speers, D., and Jeffrey, G. 2003. Validation of the FibroTest biochemical markers score in assessing liver fibrosis in hepatitis C patients. Clin. Chem. 49: 450–454.
Saitou, Y., Shiraki, K., Yamanaka, Y., Yamaguchi, Y., Kawakita, T., Yamamoto, N., Sugimoto, K., Murata, K., and Nakano, T. 2005. Noninvasive estimation of liver fibrosis and response to interferon therapy by a serum fibrogenesis marker, YKL-40, in patients with HCV-associated liver disease. World J. Gastroenterol. 11: 476–481.
Teare, J.P., Sherman, D., Greenfield, S.M., Simpson, J., Bray, G., Catterall, A.P., Murray-Lyon, I.M., Peters, T.J., Williams, R., and Thompson, R.P. 1993. Comparison of serum procollagen III peptide concentrations and PGA index for assessment of hepatic fibrosis. Lancet 342: 895–898.
Toyoda, H., Kumada, T., Kiriyama, S., Sone, Y., Tanikawa, M., Hisanaga, Y., Yamaguchi, A., Isogai, M., Kaneoka, Y., and Washizu, J. 2006. Impact of surveillance on survival of patients with initial hepatocellular carcinoma: a study from Japan. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 4: 1170–1176.
Wai, C.T., Greenson, J.K., Fontana, R.J., Kalbfleisch, J.D., Marrero, J.A., Conjeevaram, H.S., and Lok, A.S. 2003. A simple noninvasive index can predict both significant fibrosis and cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 38: 518–526.
Walsh, K.M., Fletcher, A., MacSween, R.N., and Morris, A.J. 2000. Basement membrane peptides as markers of liver disease in chronic hepatitis C. J. Hepatol. 32: 325–330.
Wong, J.B., McQuillan, G.M., McHutchison, J.G., and Poynard, T. 2000. Estimating future hepatitis C morbidity, mortality, and costs in the United States. Am. J. Public Health 90: 1562–1569.
Yuen, M.F., Cheng, C.C., Lauder, I.J., Lam, S.K., Ooi, C.G., and Lai, C.L. 2000. Early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma increases the chance of treatment: Hong Kong experience. Hepatology 31: 330–335.
Zhang, B.H., Yang, B.H., and Tang, Z.Y. 2004. Randomized controlled trial of screening for hepatocellular carcinoma. J. Cancer. Res. Clin. Oncol. 130: 417–422.
Zoli, M., Magalotti, D., Bianchi, G., Gueli, C., Marchesini, G., and Pisi, E. 1996. Efficacy of surveillance program for early detection of hepato-cellular carcinoma. Cancer 78: 977–985.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Springer Science + Business Media B.V.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lu, SN., Wang, JH., Kee, KM., Tseng, PL. (2009). Screening with Ultrasonography of Patients at High-Risk for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Thrombocytopenia as a Valid Surrogate of Cirrhosis. In: Hayat, M.A. (eds) Liver Cancer. Methods of Cancer Diagnosis, Therapy and Prognosis, vol 5. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9804-8_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9804-8_10
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-9803-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-9804-8
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)