Abstract
The previous section provided a rough description of the large structures in the observable universe. We now go inside matter.
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Notes
- 1.
In the Cartan classification of symmetry groups outlined in footnote 1 of Chapter 5, the group SU(3) corresponds to A2 and the group SU(2) corresponds to A1, both taken in their compact versions. The group U(1), which corresponds to just phase transformations, is not included in the Cartan’s list of “simple” Lie groups. All of the “simple” groups are non-Abelian, while U(1) is Abelian, thus explaining why it is not included.
- 2.
This expansion rate is calculated from the Hubble parameter H 0 = (/R) whose value today is measured as H 0 ≃ 70.1 (km/s)/Mpc, where 1 Mpc = 3.08 × 1019 km. The inverse of the Hubble constant gives a rough estimate of the age of the universe. One finds (H0)−1 = 0.44 × 1018 s, or equivalently 13.9 billion years. Inserting the diameter of the universe today, 2R = 28,000 Mpc, one obtains from the formula \(2\dot{R}\) Ṙ ≃ 1.96 × 106 km/s. This faster than light motion is possible in curved space–time, or equivalently under the influence of the gravitational force.
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Bars, I., Terning, J. (2010). Structure of Matter and Fundamental Forces. In: Nekoogar, F. (eds) Extra Dimensions in Space and Time. Multiversal Journeys. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-77638-5_2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-77638-5_2
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