This chapter examines the use of social axioms in predicting work attitudes and behaviors. As organizational research can be conducted as several levels of analysis, this chapter reviews the research conducted in the areas of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), normative commitment, and conflict management and resolution, paying careful attention to the possible levels of analysis within each area. The effect of social axioms on organizational citizenship is examined at the individual level of theory and analysis using social axioms as an individual difference variable, at the group level of theory and analysis, where it is called collective citizenship, or across these levels. Likewise, research related to normative commitment and organizational conflict at the individual level of analysis is presented, along with research at both higher levels of analysis and cross-level analysis. Suggestions for future research at the group level of theory and analysis as well as suggestions for cross-level research are presented and discussed.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Allen, N. J., & Meyer, J. P. 1990. The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance and normative commitment to the organisation. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63, 1–18.
Allen, N., & Meyer, J. 1996, December. Affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization: An examination of construct validity. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 493, 252–276.
Aycan, Z. 2000. Cross-cultural industrial and organizational psychology: Contributions, past developments and future directions. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 31, 110–128.
Bar-Tal, D., Halperin, E, & De Rivera, J. 2007. Collective emotions in conflict situations: Societal implications. Journal of Social Issues, 632, 441–460.
Becker, H. S. 1960. Notes on the concept of commitment. American Journal of Sociology, 66, 32–42.
Bond, M. H., Leung, K., Au, A., Tong, K. K., & Chemonges-Nielson, Z. 2004. Combining social axioms with values in predicting social behaviors. European Journal of Personality, 18, 177–191.
Bond, M. H., Leung, K., Au, A., Tong, K. K., & De Carrasquel, S. R., et al. 2004. Culture-level dimensions of social axioms and their correlates across 41 cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 35, 548–570.
Brew, F. P., & Cairns, D. R. 2004. Styles of managing interpersonal workplace conflict in relation to status and face concern: A study with Anglos and Chinese. The International Journal of Conflict Management, 151, 27–56.
Brief, A. P., & Motowidlo, S. J., 1986. Pro-social organizational behaviors. Academy of Management Review, 11, 710–725.
Borman, W. C., & Motowidlo, S. J. 1993. Expanding the criterion domain to include elements of contextual performance. In N. Schmitt, W. C. Borman, & Associates Eds., Personnel selection in organizations pp. 71–98. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Borman, W. C., Penner, L. A., Allen, T. D., & Motowidlo, S. J. 2001. Personality predictors of citizenship performance. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 9, 52–69.
Chan, D. 1998. Functional relations among constructs in the same content domain at different levels of analysis: A typology of composition models, Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 234–246.
Cingoz-Ulu, B., & Lalonde, R. N. 2007. The role of culture and relational context in interpersonal conflict: Do Turks and Canadians use different conflict management strategies? International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 31, 443–458.
Clugston, M., Howell, J. P., & Dorfman, P. W. 2000. Does cultural socialization predict multiple bases and foci of commitment? Journal of Management, 26, 5–30.
Cohen, A. 2007. An examination of the relationship between commitments and culture among five cultural groups of Israeli teachers. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 38, 34–49.
De Rivera, J., Kurrien, R., & Olsen, N. 2007. The emotional climate of nations and their culture of peace. Journal of Social Issues, 63, 255–271.
Dedoussis, E. 2004. A cross-cultural comparison of organizational culture: Evidence from universities in the Arab world and Japan. Cross-Cultural Management, 11, 15–34.
Fischer, R., Ferreira, M. C., Assmar, E. M. L., Redford, P., & Harb, C. 2005. Organizational behavior across cultures: Theoretical and methodological issues for developing multi-level frameworks involving culture. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 5, 27–48.
Fu, P. P., Kennedy, J., Tata, J., Yukl, G., Bond, M. H., Peng, T., Srinivas, E. S., Howell, J. P., Prieto, L., Koopman, P., Boonstra, J. J., Pasa, S., Lacassagne, M., Higashide, H., Cheosakul, A. 2004. The impact of societal cultural values and individual social beliefs on the perceived effectiveness of managerial influence strategies: A meso approach. Journal of International Business Studies, 354, 284–305.
Garr, M. C. 1998. Organizational culture as a predictor of organizational commitment. Unpublished dissertation.
Gautam, T., VanDick, R., Wagner, U., Upadhyay, N., & Davis, A. 2005. Organizational citizenship behavior and organizational commitment in Nepal. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 8, 305–314.
Gelade, G. A., Dobson, P., & Gilbert, P. 2006. National differences in organizational commitment: Effect of economy, product of personality or consequence of culture? Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 37, 542–556.
Gire, J. T. 1997. The varying effect of individualism—collectivism on preference for methods of conflict resolution. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science—Revue Canadienne des Sciences du Comportement, 29, 38–43.
Hofstede, G. 1984. Culture's consequences: International differences in work related values. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Hofstede, G. 2001. Culture's consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations, 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
House, R., Rousseau, D. M., & Thomas-Hunt, M. 1995. The meso paradigm: A framework for the integration of micro and macroorganizational behavior. In B. Staw & L. L. Cummings Eds., Research in organisational behavior Vol. 17, pp. 71–114. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
James, L. R. 1982. Aggregation bias in estimates of perceptual agreement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 67, 219–229.
James, L. R., Demaree, R. J., & Wolf, G. 1984. Estimating within-group interrater reliability with and without response bias. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 306–309.
Karam, C. M. 2007. Exploration of the organizational citizenship phenomenon in Lebanon. Unpublished doctoral dissertation.
Karam, C. M., & Kwantes, C. T. 2006, July. Cross-cultural, cross-level OCB research: Understanding work behavior in context. Paper presented at the Annual International Association of Cross-Cultural Psychology, Spetsis, Greece.
Kaushal, R., & Kwantes, C. T. 2006. The role of culture and personality in choice of conflict management strategy. International Journal of Intercultural Research, 30, 579–603.
Klein, K. J., Dansereau, F., & Hall, R. J. 1994. Level issues in theory development, data collection and analysis. Academy of Management Review, 19, 195–229.
Klein, K. J., Bliese, P. D., Kozlowski, S. W. J., Dansereau, F., Gavin, M. B., Griffin, M. A., et al., 2000. Multilevel analytic techniques: Commonalities, differences, and continuing questions. In J.K. Klein & S.W.J. Kozlowski Eds., Multilevel Theory, Research and Methods in Organizations. Foundations, Extensions, and New Directions, pp. 512–553. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Klein, J.K. & Kozlowski, S.W.J. Eds 2000. Multilevel Theory, Research and Methods in Organizations. Foundations, Extensions, and New Directions. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Kwantes, C. T. 2000. Individualism and collectivism as antecedents of organizational commitment: A comparative study of the United States and India. Paper presented at the 15th Annual Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology SIOP Conference, New Orleans, LA, USA.
Kwantes, C. T. 2003. Organizational citizenship and withdrawal behaviors in the USA and India: Does commitment make a difference? International Journal of Cross-Cultural Management, 31, 5–26.
Kwantes, C. T., Kuo, B. C. H., Towson, S., & Karam, C. M. 2005, June. Social axioms and perceptions of organizational citizenship behavior. Paper presented at the 9th European Congress of Psychology, Granada, Spain.
Kwantes, C., Karam, C., Kuo, B., & Towson, S. 2008, May. Culture's influence on the perception of OCB as in-role or extra-role. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 323, 229–243.
Leung, K., Au, A., Huang, X., Kurman, J., Niit, T, & Niit, K. K. 2007. Social axioms and values: A cross cultural examination. European Journal of Personality, 21, 91–111.
Leung, K., & Bond, M. H. 2007. Psycho-logic and eco-logic: Insights from social axiom dimensions. In F. van de Vijver, D. van Hemert, & Y. P. Poortinga Eds., Individuals and cultures in multilevel analysis pp. 197–219. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Leung, K., Bond, M. H., de Carrasquel, S. R., Munoz, C., Hernansdez, M. Murakami, F., et al. 2002. Social axioms: The search for universal dimensions of general beliefs about how the world functions. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 333, 286–302.
Lievens, F., & Anseel, F. 2004. Confirmatory factor analysis and invariance of an organizational citizenship behavior measure across samples in a Dutch-speaking context. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 77, 299–306.
Markus, H. R., & Lin L. R. 1999. Conflictways: Cultural diversity in the meanings and practices of conflict. In D. A. Prentice, & D. T. Miller Eds.. Cultural divides: Understanding and overcoming group conflict pp. 302–333. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Mathieu, J., & Zajac, D. 1990, September. A review and meta-analysis of the antecedents, correlates, and consequences of organizational commitment. Psychological Bulletin, 1082, 171–194.
Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. 1991. A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1, 61–89.
Meyer, J., & Allen, N. 1997. Commitment in the workplace: Theory, research, and application. Thousand Oaks, CA US: Sage Publications, Inc.
Moorman, R. H., & Blakely, G. L. 1995. Individualism–collectivism as an individual difference predictor of organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 16, 127–142.
Myers, D. G. 2004. Exploring social psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Organ, D. W. 1988. Organizational citizenship behavior: The good soldier syndrome. Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath and Company.
Organ, D. W. 1997. Organizational citizenship behavior: It's construct clean-up time. Human Performance, 10, 85–97.
Organ, D. W., & Ryan, K. 1995. A meta-analytic review of attitudinal and dispositional predictors of organizational citizenship behavior. Personnel Psychology, 48, 775–802.
Ostroff, C., & Bowen, D. E. 2000. Moving HR to a higher level: HR practices and organizational effectiveness. In K. K. Klein & S. W. J. Kozlowski Eds., Multi-level theory, research, and methods in organizations: Foundations, extensions and new directions. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Patterson, M., Carron, A. V., & Loughead, T. M. 2004. The influence of team norms of the cohesion-self-report performance relationship: A multi-level analysis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 6, 479–493.
Peterson, M. F., & Castro, S. L. 2006. Measurement metrics at aggregate levels of analysis: Implications for organization culture research and the GLOBE project. Leadership Quarterly, 17, 506–521.
Podsakoff, P. M., Mackenzie, S. B., Paine, J. B., & Bachrach, D. G. 2000. Organizational citizenship behavior: Critical review of the theoretical and empirical literature and suggestions for future research. Journal of Management, 26, 513–563.
Rahim, A., & Bonoma, T. V. 1979. Managing organizational conflict: A model for diagnosis and intervention. Psychological Reports, 44, 1323–1344.
Rahim, M. A. 2002. Toward a theory of managing organizational conflict. The International Journal of Conflict Management, 133, 206–235.
Ramamoorthy, N., & Flood, P. C. 2004. Individualism/collectivism, perceived task interdependence and teamwork attitudes among Irish blue-collar employees: A test of the main and moderating effects. Human Relations, 57, 347–366.
Remo, N., & Kwantes, C. T. 2007. Normative commitment and generalized social beliefs in Generation Y. Unpublished manuscript.
Riordan, C., & Vandenberg, R. 1994, September. A central question in cross-cultural research: Do employees of different cultures interpret work-related measures in an equivalent manner?. Journal of Management, 203, 643–671.
Rousseau, D. M. 1985. Issues of level in organizational research: Multi-level and cross-level perspectives. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings Eds., Research in Organizational Behavior pp. 1–37. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Schmeling, E. 2001. Good citizens in a global economy: Individualism–collectivism and power distance as predictors of organizational citizenship behavior. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of Konstanz. Konstanz, Germany.
Schnake, M. 1991. Organizational citizenship: A review, proposed model and research agenda. Human Relations, 44, 735–759.
Sherif, M., Harvey, O. J., White, B. J., Hood, W. R., & Sherif, C. W. 1961. Intergroup cooperation and competition: The Robbers Cave experiment. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Institute of Intergroup Relations.
Stephan, W. G., & Stephan, C. W. 2000. An integrated threat theory of prejudice. In S. Oskamp Ed., Reducing prejudice and discrimination pp. 225–246. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Taylor, D. M., & Moghaddam, F. M. 1994. Theories of intergroup relations: International social psychological perspectives. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers/Greenwood Publishing Group Inc.
Ting-Toomey, S., Gao, G., Trubisky, P., Yang, Z., Kim, H., Lin, S., & Nishida, T. 1991. Culture, face maintenance, and conflict styles of handling interpersonal conflict: A study in five cultures. International Journal of Conflict Management, 2, 275–291.
Triandis, H. C. 1989. Self and social behavior in differing social contexts. Psychological Review, 96, 506–520.
Triandis, H. C., & Bhawuk, D. P. S. 1997. Culture theory and the meaning of relatedness. In P. C. Earley & M. Erez Eds., New perspectives on international industrial/organizational psychology pp. 13–52. New York, NY: The New Lexington Free Press.
Tyler, T. R., Lind, E. A., & Huo, Y. J. 2000. Cultural values and authority relations: The psychology of conflict resolution across cultures. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 6, 1138–1163.
Van Dyne, L., Cummings, L. L., & Parks, J. M. 1995. Extra-role behaviors: In pursuit of construct and definitional clarity A bridge over muddied waters. In L. L. Cummings & B. M. Staw Eds., Research in organizational behavior Vol. 17, pp. 215–285. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Van Dyne, L., Graham, J. W., & Dienesch, R. M. 1994. Organizational citizenship behavior: Construct redefinition, measurement and validation. Academy of Management Journal, 37, 765–802.
Van Dyne, L., Vandewalle, D., Kostova, T., Latham, M. E., & Cummings, L. L. 2000. Collectivism, propensity to trust and self-esteem: Predictors of organizational citizenship behaviors in a non-work setting. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21, 3–23.
Watson, C. B., Chemers, M. M., & Preiser, N. 2001. Collective efficacy: A multi-level analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 1057–1068.
Wiener, Y. 1982. Commitment in organizations: A normative view. Academy of Management Review, 7, 418–428.
Williams, L. J., & Anderson, S. E. 1991. Job satisfaction and organizational commitment as predictors of organizational citizenship and in-role behaviors. Journal of Management, 17, 601–617.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kwantes, C.T., Karam, C.M. (2009). Social Axioms and Organizational Behavior. In: Leung, K., Bond, M.H. (eds) Psychological Aspects of Social Axioms. International and Cultural Psychology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09810-4_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09810-4_3
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-09809-8
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-09810-4
eBook Packages: Behavioral ScienceBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)