Abstract
The majority of human cancers in the most commonly involved organs are induced by environmental factors. Of the known exogenous carcinogenic agents, chemicals play an important role in tumor induction. Humans are exposed to chemical carcinogens through diet, tobacco, occupational and environmental settings. The list of chemicals known to be carcinogenic to man includes a broad range of structures such as aromatic amines, alkylating agents, vinyl chloride. Also, highly suspected of having carcinogenic activity in humans are af latoxin B1, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and N-nitroso compounds. In many cases, epidemiological evidence has proved sufficient to identify certain chemicals or chemical mixtures as carcinogens.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
L. Rehn, Blasengeschwultse bei Fuschin-Arbeitern. Arch. Klin. Chir. L. 50:588 (1895).
G. R. Howe, J. D. Burch, A. B. Miller, G. M. Cook, J. Esteve, B. Morrison, P. Gordon, L. W. Chambers, G. Fodor and G. M. Winsor, Tobacco use, occupation coffee, various nutrients, and bladder cancer, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 64:701 (1980).
S. M. Cohen, R. Hasegawa, R. E. Greenfield and L. B. Ellwein, Urinary bladder carcinogenesis, IARC Sci. Publ. 56:93 (1984).
N. Ito, S. Fukushima, T. Shirai, K. Nakanishi, R. Hasegawa and K. Imaida, Modifying factors in urinary bladder carcinogenesis, Environ. Health Perspect. 49:217 (1983).
F. F. Kadlubar, J. A. Miller and E. C. Miller, Hepatic microsomal N-glucuronidation and nucleic acid binding of N-hydroxy arylamines in relation to urinary bladder carcinogenesis, Cancer Res. 37:805 (1977).
J. M. Poupko, W. L. Hearn and J. L. Radomski, N-Glucuronidation of N-hydroxy aromatic amines: A mechanism for their transport and bladder-specific carcinogenicity, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 50:479 (1979).
J. M. Poupko, J. L. Radomski and W. L. Hearn, Bovine bladder mucosa microsomal cytochrome P-450 and 4-aminobiphenyl N-hydroxylase activity, Cancer Res. 41:1306 (1981).
R. R. Vanderslice, J. A. Boyd, T. E. Eling and R. M. Philpot, The cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase system of rabbit bladder mucosa: Enzyme components and isozyme 5-dependent metabolism of 2-aminofluorene, Cancer Res. 45:5851 (1985).
H. Autrup, R. C. Grafstrom, B. Christensen and J. Kieler, Metabolism of chemical carcinogens by cultured human and rat bladder epithelial cells, Carcinogenesis 2:763 (1981).
B. P. Moore, R. M. Hicks, M. A. Knowles and S. Redgrave, Metabolism and binding of benzo(a)pyrene and 2-acetylaminofluorene by short-term organ cultures of human and rat bladder, Cancer Res. 42:642 (1982).
L. Airoldi, M. Bonfanti, C. Magagnotti and R. Fanelli, Development of an experimental model for studying bladder carcinogen metabolism using the isolated rat urinary bladder, Cancer Res. 47:3697 (1987).
H. Druckrey, R. Preussmann, S. Ivankovic, D. Schmal, J. Afkham, G. Blum, H. D. Mennel, M. Muller, P. Petropoulos and H. Schneider, Organotrope carcinogene Wirkungen bei 65 verscheidenen N-nitrosoverbindungen an BD-ratten, Z. Krebsforsch. 69:103 (1967).
M. Okada and M. Ishidate, Metabolic fate of N-n-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine and its analogues, Selective induction of urinary bladder tumours in the rat, Xenobiotica 7:11 (1977).
J. S. Wishnok, K. Snow and V. Woolworth, Passage of nitrosamines through animal membranes, IARC Sci. Publ. 41:435 (1982).
L. Airoldi, C. Spagone, M. Bonfanti, C. Pantarotto and R. Fanelli, Rapid method for quantitative analysis of N,N-dibutylnitrosamine, N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine and N-butyl-N-(3-carboxypropyl)nitrosamine in rat urine by gas chromatography-thermal energy analysis, J. Chromatogr. 276:402 (1983).
G. Hawksworth and M. J. Hill, The in vivo formation of N-nitrosamines in the rat bladder and their subsequent absorption, Br. J. Cancer 29:353 (1974).
R. M. Hicks, Nitrosamines as possible etiological agents in Bilharzial bladder cancer, in: “Banbury Report. Nitrosamines and Human Cancer”, No. 12, P. N. Magee, ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor (1982).
E. Boyland, D. M. Wallace and D. C. Williams, The activity of the enzymes sulphatase and ß-gueuronidase in the urine, serum and bladder tissue, Br. J. Cancer 9:62 (1955).
R. Montesano and H. Bartsch, Mutagenic and carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds: Possible environmental hazards, Mutat. Res. 32:179 (1976).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1988 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Airoldi, L., Bonfanti, M., Magagnotti, C., Fanelli, R. (1988). Activation of Urinary Bladder Carcinogens within the Target Organ. In: Feo, F., Pani, P., Columbano, A., Garcea, R. (eds) Chemical Carcinogenesis. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9640-7_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9640-7_15
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-9642-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-9640-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive