Abstract
The effects of three organic additives polyethylene glycol (PEG), sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), on the electrodeposition of chromium from trivalent chromium chloride baths were investigated. The experiments were performed based on a two-level factorial design. The effects of electrolysis parameters: pH, temperature, and current density, as well as the concentrations of the three additives, on the thickness, roughness, and corrosion current density of the chromium deposited layers were analysed. Statistical results revealed that all response models are significant. It was found that the contributions of factors in thickness and interactions in roughness and the corrosion current density are more important. The main and interaction effect studies showed that pH and current density have significant effects on all of the responses, whereas the additive concentration only has an effect on the corrosion current density, especially in the presence of PVP and PEG. The interactions of pH with the current density and the temperature with current density have the most important effects on all responses. Optimisation and technical, economic, and environmental investigations revealed that PEG is the most suitable additive for usage in technical and decorative processes. PVP and SDS could substitute PEG for decorative and technical processes, respectively.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
El-Sharif, M., McDougall, J., and Chisholm, C.U., Trans. Inst. Met. Finish., 1999, vol. 77, no. 4, pp. 139–144.
Zeng, Z., Wang, L., Liang, A., and Zhang, J., Electrochim. Acta, 2006, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 1366–1373.
Zeng, Z. and Zhang, J., Tribol. Lett., 2008, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 107–111.
Bayramoglu, M., Onat, B., and Geren, N., J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2008, vol. 203, nos. 1–3, pp. 277–286.
Mohan, U.D. and Pittman, C.U., Jr., J. Hazard. Mater., 2006, vol. 137, no. 2, pp. 762–811.
Zeng, Z., Sun, Y., and Zhang, J., Electrochem. Commun., 2009, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 331–334.
Saravanan, G. and Mohan, S., J. Appl. Electrochem., 2010, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 1–6.
Hoque, A., Haque, M.E., Islam, M., Islam, M.S., et al., Int. J. Innovation Sci. Math., 2015, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 124–130.
Lu, C.-E., Pu, N.-W., Hou, K.-H., Tseng, C.-C., et al., Appl. Surf. Sci., 2013, vol. 282, pp. 544–551.
Katirci, R., Int. J. Surf. Sci. Eng., 2016, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 73–85.
Phuong, N.V., Kwon, S.C., Lee, J.Y., Lee, J.H., et al., Surf. Coat. Technol., 2012, vol. 206, no. 21, pp. 4349–4355.
Protsenko, V.S., Danilov, F.I., Gordiienko, V.O., Kwon, S.C., et al., Thin Solid Films, 2011, vol. 520, no. 1, pp. 380–383.
Protsenko, V., Gordiienko, V., Butyrina, T., Vasil’eva, E., et al., Turk. J. Chem., 2014, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 50–55.
Li, L., Wang, Z., Wang, M.-Y., and Zhang, Y., Int. J. Miner., Metall. Mater., 2013, vol. 20, no. 9, pp. 902–908.
He, X.K., Qiu, G.Z., Chen, B.Z., Zhou, N.B., et al., Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, 2007, vol. 17, pp. s685–s691.
Protsenko, V.S., Kityk, A.A., and Danilov, F.I., Surf. Eng. Appl. Electrochem., 2014, vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 384–389.
Ohgai, T., Tanaka, Y., and Fujimaru, T., J. Appl. Electrochem., 2012, vol. 42, no. 10, pp. 893–899.
Xu, L., Du, J., Ge, S., He, N., et al., J. Appl. Electrochem., 2009, vol. 39, no. 5, pp. 713–717.
Adelkhani, H. and Arshadi, M.R., J. Alloys Compd., 2009, vol. 476, no. 1, pp. 234–237.
Song, Y.B. and Chin, D.-T., Electrochim. Acta, 2002, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 349–356.
Kwon, S.C., Kim, M., Park, S.U., Kim, D.Y., et al., Surf. Coat. Technol., 2004, vol. 183, no. 2, pp. 151–156.
Sziraki, L., Kuzmann, E., Papp, K., Chisholm, C.U., et al., Mater. Chem. Phys., 2012, vol. 133, no. 2, pp. 1092–1100.
Liang, A. and Zhang, J., Surf. Coat. Technol., 2012, vol. 206, no. 17, pp. 3614–3618.
Ghaziof, S., Golozar, M.A., and Raeissi, K., J. Alloys Compd., 2010, vol. 496, no. 1, pp. 164–168.
Huang, C.A., Liu, Y.W., and Chuang, C.H., Thin Solid Films, 2009, vol. 517, no. 17, pp. 4902–4904.
Danilov, F.I., Protsenko, V.S., Gordiienko, V.O., Baskevich, A.S., et al., Prot. Met. Phys. Chem. Surf., 2012, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 328–333.
Protsenko, V.S., Danilov, F.I., Gordiienko, V.O., Baskevich, A.S., et al., Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater., 2012, vol. 31, pp. 281–283.
Saravanan, G., and Mohan, S., J. Appl. Electrochem., 2009, vol. 39, no. 8, pp. 1393–1397.
Saravanan, G. and Mohan, S., Corros. Sci., 2009, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 197–202.
Lin, K.-L., Hsu, C.-J, Hsu, I.-M., and Chang, J.-T., J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 1992, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 359–362.
Hordienko, V.O., Protsenko, V.S., Kwon, S.C., Lee, J.-Y., et al., Mater. Sci., 2011, vol. 46, no. 5, pp. 647–652.
Li, B., Lin, A., and Gan, F., Surf. Coat. Technol., 2006, vol. 201, no. 6, pp. 2578–2586.
Suarez, O.J., Olaya, J.J., and Rodil, S., Rev. Mex. Ing. Quim., 2013, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 129–141.
Danilov, F.I., Protsenko, V.S., Gordiienko, V.O., Kwon, S.C., et al., Appl. Surf. Sci., 2011, vol. 257, no. 18, pp. 8048–8053.
Protsenko, V.S. and Danilov, F.I., Clean Technol. Environ. Policy, 2014, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 1201–1206.
Poroch-Seritan, M., Cretescu, I., Cojocaru, C., Amariei, S., et al., Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 2015, vol. 96, pp. 138–149.
Poroch-Seritan, M., Gutt, S., Gutt, G., Cretescu, I., et al., Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 2011, vol. 89, no. 2, pp. 136–147.
Sheu, H.H., Lu, C.E., Lee, H.B., Pu, N.W., Wu, P.F., Hsieh, S.H., and Ger, M.D., J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng., 2016, vol. 59, pp. 496–505.
Yao, Y., Wei, Q., Sun, M., Chen, Y., et al., RSC Adv., 2013, vol. 3, pp. 13131–13136.
Boiadjieva, Tz., Kovacheva, D., Lyutov, L., and Monev, M., J. Appl. Electrochem., 2008, vol. 38, no. 10, pp. 1435–1443.
Saravanan, G., Studies on the electrodeposition of chromium and its alloy from ecofriendly Cr(III) electrolytes and room temperature ionic liquids-RTIL, PhD Thesis, Karaikudi: Central Electrochem. Res. Inst., 2011.
Etminanfar, M.R. and Heydarzadeh Sohi, M., Thin Solid Films, 2012, vol. 520, no. 16, pp. 5322–5327.
Demirci, U.B., J. Power Sources, 2007, vol. 169, no. 2, pp. 239–246.
Nacef, M. and Affoune, A.M., Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2011, vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 4208–4219.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
About this article
Cite this article
Derabla, T., Affoune, A.M. & Chelaghmia, M.L. Effects of PEG, PVP and SDS on the Properties of Chromium Coatings Prepared from Trivalent Chromium Chloride Baths Using Experimental Design and Multi-Response Optimisation. Surf. Engin. Appl.Electrochem. 55, 304–316 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3103/S1068375519030062
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3103/S1068375519030062