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The Advanced GAmma Tracking Array (AGATA) is a major European project, involving over 40 institutes in 12 countries, to develop and operate a high-resolution gamma-ray tracking spectrometer. Gamma-ray tracking requires the accurate determination of the energy, time and position of every interaction as a gamma ray deposits its energy within the detector volume. This is achieved by using electrically segmented hyper pure germanium detectors, pulse shape analysis of the digitised signals, and tracking algorithms to reconstruct the full event. The AGATA 4\(\pi \) geometry comprises 180 tapered-hexagonal coaxial detectors. AGATA can measure gamma rays from 10’s of keV to 10 MeV with excellent efficiency and position resolution and has a very high count rate capability. These features result in an instrument with a resolving power of two orders of magnitude larger than previous spectrometers, such as EUROBALL in Europe and Gammasphere in the USA. A similar tracking spectrometer is being constructed in the USA, called GRETA.
AGATA started in 2003 with a research and development phase to realise the technical ingredients needed to perform tracking. The first science campaign was in 2009–2011 in Legnaro National Laboratory (LNL) followed by campaigns at GSI (2012–2014) and GANIL (2015–2021). During this period the number of detectors gradully increased to 60, which cover 1/3 of the full 4\(\pi \) geometry. In these campaigns AGATA was used with many complementary detector systems. These included spectrometers for reaction product identification and selection, charged particle and neutron detectors, high-energy gamma detector arrays, fast-timing gamma systems and plungers for lifetime measurements.
The project has now entered its next phase to realise the 4\(\pi \) 180 detector array. This was driven by several factors including the scientific and technical impact, and the need for a more sensitive instrument to answer the fundamental science questions that will be addressed with the new radioactive beam and high intensity stable beam facilities. A key milestone was the highlight recommendation in the 2017 NuPECC Long Range Plan that supported the completion of the full geometry and endorsed by the statement “The AGATA array is a unique and world-leading device for high-resolution gamma-ray spectroscopy for nuclear structure studies. Timely completion of the AGATA gamma-ray spectrometer is strongly needed.” The science case for this covers the nuclear landscape to the extremes of isospin towards, and beyond the drip lines, to the highest spins close to the fission limit and to the heaviest nuclei. The evolution of shell structure and magic numbers, the interplay between single-particle and collective degrees of freedom, shape co-existence, exotic shapes, nuclear pairing, reaction dynamics and key astrophysical reactions will be investigated.
This phase of the project started its next science campaign in 2022 at LNL. The project will evolve to a 3\(\pi \) spectrometer in 10 years and subsequently to the ultimate goal of 4\(\pi \). It will continue to be deployed at major stable and radioactive beam facilities in Europe in campaigns to maximise the science output and breadth of topics to be studied.
This Topical Review on AGATA has articles covering many aspects of the project, including the main technical advances needed to realise tracking. Articles covering specific science achievements to date are included, each with a forward look to the exciting program that will be opened up as the spectrometer evolves to 4\(\pi \). A list of all the articles is in the following table of contents.
Table of contents
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1.
Science advancements with AGATA
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(a)
Nuclear structure advancements with multi-nucleon transfer reactions [1]
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(b)
Advancements of \(\gamma \)-ray spectroscopy of isotopically identified fission fragments with AGATA and VAMOS++ [2]
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(c)
AGATA: nuclear structure advancements with fusion-evaporation reactions [3]
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(d)
Advances in nuclear structure via charged particle reactions with AGATA [4]
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(e)
Agata: in-beam spectroscopy with relativistic beams [5]
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(f)
AGATA: Nuclear structure advancements with high-energy \(\gamma \) rays [6]
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(a)
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2.
Technical advancements with AGATA
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3.
Performances of AGATA
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(a)
Agata characterisation and pulse shape analysis [11]
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(b)
AGATA: performance of \(\gamma \)-ray tracking and associated algorithms [12]
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(c)
AGATA DAQ-box: a unified data acquisition system for different experimental conditions [13]
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(d)
Simulation of the AGATA spectrometer and coupling with ancillary detectors [14]
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(e)
Organisation of the AGATA collaboration and physics campaigns [15]
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(a)
Data Availability Statement
This manuscript has no associated data or the data will not be deposited. [Authors’ comment: There are no external data associated to this manuscript.]
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AGATA-Collaboration. Agata home page. http://www.agata.org
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge everyone in the AGATA collaboration for the huge amount of hard work to make the spectrometer such a success. We also warmly thank the LNL, GSI and GANIL facilities for provision of heavy-ion beams and all the local scientific and technical support. The funding agencies and institutions who have supported the project for over 20 years are acknowledged. This work was supported by STFC (UK), the OASIS Project No. ANR-17-CE31-0026, and by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación under contract PID2020-118265GB-C42.
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Open access funding provided by Università degli Studi di Milano within the CRUI-CARE Agreement.
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Data supporting this paper can be found in [16].
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Communicated by Nicolas Alamanos.
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Bracco, A., Clément, E., Gadea, A. et al. Preface of AGATA: advancements in science and technology. Eur. Phys. J. A 59, 243 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1140/epja/s10050-023-01140-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1140/epja/s10050-023-01140-2