Abstract
The paper reviews and analyzes the state of the art of the problem on sound absorption in the linear formulation and methods for solving it. It is shown that the majority of publications are reduced, from the viewpoint of absorption efficiency, to the realization of one of two ideal absorbers: a Kirchhoff blackbody and an optimal absorber. These two absorbers have fundamentally different properties: the relative cross section of the blackbody absorber is equal to unity, whereas for the optimal absorber, this is the largest possible value, which can be much larger than unity. The practical problems they solve also differ. Ways of creating modern efficient absorbers are discussed, the most promising of which are absorbers made of acoustic metamaterials, which realize ideal bodies in the optimal way and require developed additive technologies for their manufacture.
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Notes
It is noteworthy that Planck’s statement that a blackbody has the greatest possible absorption efficiency has become commonplace in electrodynamics and acoustics and has long (nearly the entire 20th century) been considered indisputable. Here and below, absorption efficiency is understood as the relative cross section of absorption, i.e., the ratio of the absorption power to the incident power, which for an ideal blackbody is equal to unity [4]. Its relative scattering cross section is also equal to unity, the field of which, together with the incident field, forms a shadow.
It seems that the term acoustic black hole is not quite suitable for the above-mentioned absorbers. In cosmology, a black hole is a region with gravity so strong that neither matter nor electromagnetic radiation can escape it. The described sound absorbers possess only half this property: they absorb only sound waves from external sources, but, as can be demonstrated, they easily emit waves from internal sources into the surrounding space.
The Z matrix is defined as follows. Surface A of a body is divided into N areas ΔAn with small wave dimensions. Each area is considered an independent input characterized by a normal velocity and force, and the entire body is considered a system with N inputs. The relationship between the force and velocity N-vectors is described by an N × N-matrix Z. For details, see [32].
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The study was supported by a grant from the Russian Science Foundation (project no. 15-19-00284).
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Bobrovnitskii, Y.I., Tomilina, T.M. Sound Absorption and Metamaterials: A Review. Acoust. Phys. 64, 519–526 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063771018040024
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063771018040024