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Structural and Functional Design of Electrospun Nanofibers for Hemostasis and Wound Healing

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Abstract

Electrospun nanofibers have been extensively studied in the biomedical field, including the controlled release of drugs, bionics, cell scaffolds, hemostasis, wound healing, and tissue engineering because of their high porosity, large surface area-to-volume ratio, and programmable features. In recent years researchers have continuously broadened the structural design of electrospun nanofibers, which have evolved from one-dimensional to three-dimensional structures, in order to diversify their function. These properties enable nanofibers to structurally and functionally mimic natural extracellular matrix (ECM), thereby obtaining a favorable physiological microenvironment for both wound healing and hemostasis due to improved blood coagulation and concentration. A comprehensive review summarizing the recent research progress of the structural and functional design of electrospun nanofibers for hemostasis and wound healing, on the other hand, is lacking. This review summarizes electrospun nanofibers used for hemostasis and wound healing, with a focus on structural design and modification strategies. The wide application of electrospun nanofibers in hemostasis and wound healing is clarified using a special structural and innovative design for electrospinning. The advantages and limitations of electrospun nanofibers with various structural forms are also discussed, as are the main challenges and future development directions for the development of structurally specific electrospun nanofibers for hemostasis and wound healing.

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Fig. 1
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Copyright 2018, Elsevier

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Copyright 2020, Elsevier

Fig. 5

Copyright 2021, Elsevier. b Schematic illustration of the (SF/PCL)/PVA-LBL coaxial fibers loaded with BMP2 and CTGF. Reproduced with permission of [83], Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society. c Viability, distribution, morphology and cytoskeleton development of endothelial cells in bioactive nanofiber scaffolds fabricated by concurrent emulsion electrospinning and coaxial cell electrospraying. Reproduced with permission of [86], Copyright 2021, Elsevier. d Schematic diagram of the additional routes for drug molecules entering into the dissolution media from the reservoir and SEM image of the residue depots after exhaustion of loaded KET. Reproduced with permission of [88], Copyright 2020, Elsevier. e Schematic diagram of triaxial electrospinning and the diffusion mechanism of the two drugs in triaxial electrospun nanofibers. Reproduced with permission of [89], Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society.

Fig. 6

Copyright 2021, Taylor & Francis. b Schematic illustration of the preparation and application of PLGA nanofibers coated layer-by-layer with quaternized chitin and FGF2 containing hyaluronic acid. Reproduced with permission of [104]. Copyright 2019, Elsevier

Fig. 7

Copyright 2018, Elsevier. b Schematic illustration of PCL/collagen nanofibers using tannic acid as the binding site to prepare fixed micelles. Reproduced with permission of [111], Copyright 2018, Wiley–VCH

Fig. 8

Copyright 2019, Springer Nature. b Schematic illustration showing the three-dimensional nanofiber gelatin sponge for rapid hemostasis and the mechanism of hemostatic action. Reproduced with permission of [126], Copyright 2021, Wiley–VCH. c Schematic illustration of the direction of the three-dimensional chitosan (CS)/PVA nanofiber sponge and morphological changes of the CS/PVA nanofiber membrane before and after expansion. d Schematic representation of the recovery of CS/PVA nanofiber sponges after different degrees of compression. Reproduced with permission of [127], Copyright 2019, Elsevier

Fig. 9

Copyright 2017, Elsevier. b Schematic illustration of the process of electrospraying chitosan nanoparticles containing epinephrine onto the surface of gauze and then depositing gelatin for electrospinning. Reproduced with permission of [129], Copyright 2021, Elsevier

Fig. 10

Copyright 2019, Elsevier. b PCL and PLA nanofiber scaffolds spin-coated with CaCuSi4O10 nanoparticles design strategy inspired by Chinese sesame sticks. Reproduced with permission of [132], Copyright 2019, Elsevier

Fig. 11

Copyright 2018, Wiley–VCH. b Schematic diagram of the sweat output pathway of traditional cotton textiles and Janus textiles, representation and SEM image of Janus textiles. Reproduced with permission of [150], Copyright 2019, Wiley–VCH. c Scheme showing the capillary forces driving unidirectional water transport when water is dripped on the hydrophobic side: (1) hydrophobic layer, (2) mixed layer, and (3) hydrophilic layer. (4) Scheme of the cross-membrane transport force when dripping water on the hydrophilic layer. Reproduced with permission of [151], Copyright 2022, Elsevier. d PCL-gelatin/PCL-PFMA nanofibers with unidirectional drainage and antiadhesion properties. Reproduced with permission of [152], Copyright 2021, Elsevier

Fig. 12

Copyright 2013, American Chemical Society. b The potential mechanism of three-dimensional scaffolds consisting of radially aligned nanofibers and vertically aligned nanofibers for diabetic wound healing. c Schematic illustrating the application of three-dimensional scaffolds consisting of radially aligned nanofibers in stages 1 & 2 diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) healing. d Schematic illustrating the application of three-dimensional scaffolds consisting of radially aligned nanofibers in stages 3 & 4 diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) healing. Reproduced with permission of [156], Copyright 2020, Elsevier

Fig. 13

Copyright 2021, Wiley–VCH

Fig. 14

Copyright 2017, Wiley–VCH. b The color change of nanofibers when they are exposed to aqueous media with different pH values and after two hours of incubation in aqueous media with different pH values. Reproduced with permission of [170], Copyright 2019, MDPI

Fig. 15

Copyright 2014, Royal Society of Chemistry. b Schematic illustration of the electric field-modified nanofibers for liver resection hemostasis. c The area of nanofibers with different metal cone diameters after in situ deposition and the size of the deposition area as a function of metallic cone diameter. Reproduced with permission of [178], Copyright 2019, Elsevier. d Schematic illustration of a coaxial long needle portable solution blow spinning device and SEM image of the fibers of the medical glue. e Porcine liver before in situ electrospinning and PCL nanofibers were spun onto the wound surface of the porcine liver in 90 s. Reproduced with permission of [179], Copyright 2020, Elsevier

Fig. 16

Copyright 2021, Royal Society of Chemistry

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Acknowledgements

This work was jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number: 51973172), Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province (No. 2020JC-03 and 2019TD-020), the State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, the World-Class Universities (Disciplines) and Characteristic Development Guidance Funds for the Central Universities.

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  1. Yutong Yang and Yuzhang Du contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049, China

    Yutong Yang & Baolin Guo

  2. State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049, China

    Yutong Yang, Hualei Zhang & Baolin Guo

  3. Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072, China

    Yuzhang Du

  4. Institute of Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032, China

    Jie Zhang

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  1. Yutong Yang
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Yang, Y., Du, Y., Zhang, J. et al. Structural and Functional Design of Electrospun Nanofibers for Hemostasis and Wound Healing. Adv. Fiber Mater. 4, 1027–1057 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42765-022-00178-z

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