Abstract
2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) is a toxic compound which is released into the environment mainly through industrial wastewater. For aerobic biological degradation of TCP, a modified bench scale SBR was used. The biological sludge of municipal wastewater treatment plant was used to set up the bioreactor. In order to reduce the release of TCP, the SBR was modified by increasing the ratio of constant volume to total volume of the bioreactor, increasing the ratio of height to diameter, reducing the number of operating cycles per day and entering wastewater from the floor of the bioreactor. The amount of TCP volatility with the gases from SBR was determined by adsorbing and extracting it from powder activated carbon column. The modified SBR in TCP concentration of 430 mg/L and HRT of 8 h removed more than 99% of TCP and total phenolic compounds (TP) as well as more than 92% of COD. Also, more than 90% of chloride ions were stoichiometrically released from TCP. Finally, the modified SBR was capable of removing TCP in concentration of 430 mg/L at a low hydraulic retention time (8 h). This is the first study to report these results, where the modified SBR could operate at higher concentrations of TCP and in shorter HRT. Therefore, the modified SBR can be used as a reliable and effective process to remove TCP and other halogenated compounds.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aghapour AA, Moussavi G, Yaghmaeian K (2013a) Biological degradation of catechol in wastewater using the sequencing continuous-inflow reactor (SCR). J Environ Health Sci Eng 11:3. https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-336x-11-3
Aghapour AA, Moussavi G, Yaghmaeian K (2013b) Investigating the performance of a novel cyclic rotating-bed biological reactor compared with a sequencing continuous-inflow reactor for biodegradation of catechol in wastewater. Bioresour Technol 138:369–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.03.133
Aghapour AA, Moussavi G, Yaghmaeian K (2015) Degradation and COD removal of catechol in wastewater using the catalytic ozonation process combined with the cyclic rotating-bed biological reactor. J Environ Manag 157:262–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.02.036
APHA (2016) Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. Washington, DC: American public health association, 2012. On-site electricity generation vol 30. Energy Fuel 3
Aranciaga N, Durruty I, González F, Wolski EA (2012) Aerobic biotransformation of 2, 4, 6-trichlorophenol by Penicillium chrysogenum in aqueous batch culture: degradation and residual phytotoxicity. Water SA 38:683–688
Arora PK, Bae H (2014) Bacterial degradation of chlorophenols and their derivatives. Microb Cell Factories 13:31. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2859-13-31
Bae HS, Lee JM, Lee S-T (1997) Biodegradation of the mixture of 2, 4, 6-trichlorophenol, 4-chiorophenol, and phenol by a defined mixed culture. J Gen Appl Microbiol 43:97–103. https://doi.org/10.2323/jgam.43.97
Chang BV, Liao KT, Yuan SY (1995) Anaerobic biodegradation of 2,4, 6-trichlorophenol and pentachlorophenol by dichlorophenol-adapted river sediment. Toxicol Environ Chem J 49:33–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/02772249509358174
Chen G-C, Wang Y-S, Wen B, Pei Z-G, Xie Y-N, Liu T, Pignatello JJ (2009) Adsorption of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol by multi-walled carbon nanotubes as affected by cu(II). Water Res 43:2409–2418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2009.03.002
Chin Wang C, Mei Lee C, Jen Lu C, Shang Chuang M, Zong Huang C (2000) Biodegradation of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol in the presence of primary substrate by immobilized pure culture bacteria. Chemosphere 41:1873–1879. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00090-4
Collins G, Foy C, McHugh S, O’ Flaherty V (2005) Anaerobic treatment of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol in an expanded granular sludge bed-anaerobic filter (EGSB-AF) bioreactor at 15 °C. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 53:167–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.femsec.2004.10.008
Eker S, Kargi F (2009) Biological treatment of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) containing wastewater in a hybrid bioreactor system with effluent recycle. J Environ Manag 90:692–698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.01.001
Gallego A, Gemini V, Rossi S, Fortunato MS, Planes E, Gómez CE, Korol SE (2009) Detoxification of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol by an indigenous bacterial community. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 63:1073–1078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2009.09.002
Gardin H, Lebeault JM, Pauss A (2001) Degradation of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) by co-immobilization of anaerobic and aerobic microbial communities in an upflow reactor under air-limited conditions. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 56:524–530
Goswami L, Kumar RV, Manikandan NA, Pakshirajan K, Pugazhenthi G (2017) Simultaneous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon degradation and lipid accumulation by Rhodococcus opacus for potential biodiesel production. J Water Process Eng 17:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2017.02.009
Graham N, Chu W, Lau C (2003) Observations of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol degradation by ozone. Chemosphere 51:237–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00815-9
Huff J (2012) Long-term toxicology and carcinogenicity of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol. Chemosphere 89:521–525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.05.015
Gómez-De Jesús A, Romano-Baez FJ, Leyva-Amezcua L, Juárez-Ramírez C, Ruiz-Ordaz N, Galíndez-Mayer J (2009) Biodegradation of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol in a packed-bed biofilm reactor equipped with an internal net draft tube riser for aeration and liquid circulation. J Hazard Mater 161:1140–1149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.04.077
Karn SK, Reddy MS (2012) Degradation of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol by bacteria isolated from secondary sludge of a pulp and paper mill. J Gen Appl Microbiol 58:413–420. https://doi.org/10.2323/jgam.58.413
Khan MZ, Mondal PK, Sabir S, Tare V (2011) Degradation pathway, toxicity and kinetics of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol with different co-substrate by aerobic granules in SBR. Bioresour Technol 102:7016–7021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.04.057
Khorsandi H, Gholizadeh M, Aghapour AA (2018) Catechol biodegradation by a novel hybrid anoxic biofilter (HAB). Environ Technol:1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2018.1510434
Kuppusamy S, Jayaraman N, Jagannathan M, Kadarkarai M, Aruliah R (2017) Electrochemical decolorization and biodegradation of tannery effluent for reduction of chemical oxygen demand and hexavalent chromium. J Water Process Eng 20:22–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2017.09.008
Li DY, Eberspacher J, Wagner B, Kuntzer J, Lingens F (1991) Degradation of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol by Azotobacter sp. strain GP1. Appl Environ Microbiol 57
Li J, Cai W, Zhu L (2011) The characteristics and enzyme activities of 4-chlorophenol biodegradation by fusarium sp. Bioresour Technol 102:2985–2989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.10.006
Louie TM, Webster CM, Xun L (2002) Genetic and biochemical characterization of a 2,4,6-trichlorophenol degradation pathway in Ralstonia eutropha JMP134. J Bacteriol 184:3492–3500. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.184.13.3492-3500.2002
Luo C, Jiang J, Ma J, Pang S, Liu Y, Song Y, Guan C, Li J, Jin Y, Wu D (2016) Oxidation of the odorous compound 2,4,6-trichloroanisole by UV activated persulfate: kinetics, products, and pathways. Water Res 96:12–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.03.039
Marsolek MD, Kirisits MJ, Gray KA, Rittmann BE (2014) Coupled photocatalytic-biodegradation of 2,4,5-trichlorophenol: effects of photolytic and photocatalytic effluent composition on bioreactor process performance, community diversity, and resistance and resilience to perturbation. Water Res 50:59–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2013.11.043
Miao M-s, Zhang Y-j, Shu L, Zhang J, Kong Q, Li N (2014a) Development and characterization of the 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) aerobic degrading granules in sequencing batch airlift reactor. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 95:61–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2014.03.019
Miao M-s, Zhang Y-j, Shu L, Zhang J, Kong Q, Li N (2014b) Development and characterization of the 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) aerobic degrading granules in sequencing batch airlift reactor. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 95(Part A):61–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2014.03.019
Mun CH, Ng WJ, He J (2008) Acidogenic sequencing batch reactor start-up procedures for induction of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol dechlorination. Water Res 42:1675–1683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2007.10.019
Puyol D, Rajhi H, Mohedano AF, Rodríguez JJ, Sanz JL (2011) Anaerobic biodegradation of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol in expanded granular sludge bed and fluidized bed biofilm reactors bioaugmented with Desulfitobacterium spp. Water Sci Technol 64:293–299. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.556
Quan X, Shi H, Wang J, Qian Y (2003) Biodegradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol in sequencing batch reactors augmented with immobilized mixed culture. Chemosphere 50:1069–1074. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00625-2
Ren H, Li Q, Zhan Y, Fang X, Yu D (2016) 2,4-Dichlorophenol hydroxylase for chlorophenol removal: substrate specificity and catalytic activity. Enzym Microb Technol 82:74–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enzmictec.2015.08.008
Santos SCR, Boaventura RAR (2015) Treatment of a simulated textile wastewater in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) with addition of a low-cost adsorbent. J Hazard Mater 291:74–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.02.074
Snyder CJP, Asghar M, Scharer JM, Legge RL (2006) Biodegradation kinetics of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol by an acclimated mixed microbial culture under aerobic conditions. Biodegradation 17:535–544. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10532-005-9024-8
Tan IAW, Ahmad AL, Hameed BH (2009) Fixed-bed adsorption performance of oil palm shell-based activated carbon for removal of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol. Bioresour Technol 100:1494–1496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.08.017
Van Aken P, Van den Broeck R, Degrève J, Dewil R (2015) The effect of ozonation on the toxicity and biodegradability of 2,4-dichlorophenol-containing wastewater. Chem Eng J 280:728–736. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2015.06.019
Xin X, He J, Wang Y, Feng J, Qiu W (2016) Role of aeration intensity on performance and microbial community profiles in a sequencing batch reaction kettle (SBRK) for wastewater nutrients rapid removal. Bioresour Technol 201:140–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.11.053
Yan J, Wang L, Fu PP, Yu H (2004) Photomutagenicity of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from the US EPA priority pollutant list. Mutat Res 557:99–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrgentox.2003.10.004
Yeruva DK, Jukuri S, Velvizhi G, Naresh Kumar A, Swamy YV, Venkata Mohan S (2015) Integrating sequencing batch reactor with bio-electrochemical treatment for augmenting remediation efficiency of complex petrochemical wastewater. Bioresour Technol 188:33–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.02.014
Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial and technical support provided by the Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Highlights
• The SBR was modified in terms of structure and operation.
• Biodegradation and mineralization of TCP was evaluated by the modified SBR.
• The modified SBR was capable to remove 99% of TCP (430 mg/L) at a low HRT (8h).
• The modifications made to SBR were suitable to prevent the release of the TCP.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Khorsandi, H., Ghochlavi, N. & Aghapour, A. Biological Degradation of 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol by a Sequencing Batch Reactor. Environ. Process. 5, 907–917 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40710-018-0333-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40710-018-0333-4