FormalPara Key Points

Conjunctivitis is a common comorbidity of atopic dermatitis in all age groups.

As was seen in adult clinical trials, rates of conjunctivitis (diagnosed based on patient-reported symptoms and an external eye examination by study investigators, in most cases without an ophthalmologic referral) in adolescents in clinical trials for moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis were higher in dupilumab-treated patients than placebo-treated patients, whereas conjunctivitis rates were lower and similar for dupilumab and placebo in adolescents in a trial for moderate-to-severe uncontrolled asthma, supporting the hypothesis of a drug–disease interaction.

Most cases were mild to moderate in severity, most patients recovered/resolved during the treatment period, and no patients discontinued study treatment because of conjunctivitis.

1 Introduction

Patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) have a higher incidence of conjunctivitis and related ocular surface disorders, such as blepharitis and keratitis, than the general population [1,2,3,4,5]. Prevalence of these ocular surface comorbidities increases with AD severity [3]. Patients with other type 2 inflammatory diseases (i.e., diseases driven by interleukin [IL]-4, IL-13, and other type 2 inflammatory cytokines and cells) such as asthma, allergies, and allergic rhinitis also have an increased risk of comorbid conjunctivitis, but the risk of comorbid conjunctivitis in these disorders is lower than in AD [6,7,8,9,10].

Dupilumab is a fully human, VelocImmune®-derived [11, 12] monoclonal antibody that blocks the shared receptor component for IL-4 and IL-13, which are key and central drivers of type 2 inflammation. Dupilumab has demonstrated significant efficacy and an acceptable safety profile in patients with moderate-to-severe AD, uncontrolled asthma, and other type 2 inflammatory diseases, including chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps and eosinophilic esophagitis [13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25].

In adults in randomized, placebo-controlled double-blinded clinical trials for moderate-to-severe AD, a higher incidence of conjunctivitis was observed in patients who received dupilumab compared with those who received placebo [16, 17, 20, 21, 26]. By contrast, patients in randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded clinical trials in asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, and eosinophilic esophagitis had a lower incidence of conjunctivitis compared with patients in AD trials, and the incidence was similar for dupilumab and placebo [23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30].

A comprehensive analysis of conjunctivitis that was conducted primarily in adults in dupilumab clinical trials (and in pooled adults and adolescents in one of the asthma trials) confirmed the observations reported in the individual studies, supporting the hypothesis of a drug–disease interaction for conjunctivitis that is specific to AD [26]. Further information is needed on the profile of conjunctivitis in adolescent patients treated with dupilumab. To that end, we conducted an analysis of conjunctivitis in adolescent patients in dupilumab clinical trials for moderate-to-severe AD or asthma.

2 Methods

2.1 Clinical Trials

Data from adolescent patients receiving dupilumab or placebo in three clinical trials were included in this analysis, including two trials for adolescents with moderate-to-severe AD and one trial for adults and adolescents with moderate-to-severe asthma. The design, methods, and primary findings from each trial have been reported previously [16, 19, 23], and are briefly summarized here.

LIBERTY AD ADOL (ADOL; R668-AD-1526, ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03054428) [16] was a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, phase III trial. Patients aged ≥ 12 to < 18 years with moderate-to-severe AD and inadequate response to topical medications were randomized 1:1:1 to 16 weeks of treatment with placebo (n = 85), subcutaneous (SC) dupilumab 300 mg every 4 weeks (q4w; n = 84), or SC dupilumab 200/300 mg every 2 weeks (q2w; n = 82; weight-based: 200 mg in patients weighing < 60 kg at baseline, or 300 mg in patients weighing ≥ 60 kg at baseline). After a 16-week treatment period, patients could enter an open-label extension (OLE). Those who did not enroll in the extension could be followed for up to 12 additional weeks.

LIBERTY AD PED-OLE (PED-OLE; R668-AD-1434, ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02612454) [19] was a phase III OLE available to pediatric patients who participated in a previous dupilumab AD trial. This analysis includes only patients aged ≥ 12 to < 18 years when they entered the OLE. After a 4-week screening period following completion of the previous dupilumab trial, 275 patients received open-label SC dupilumab 2 mg/kg or 4 mg/kg weekly (qw; up to a maximum of 300 mg qw) or a fixed-dose regimen of 300 mg q4w until withdrawal or regulatory approval of dupilumab in their geographic region.

LIBERTY ASTHMA QUEST (QUEST; EFC13579, ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02414854) [23] was a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, phase III trial. Patients aged ≥ 12 years with uncontrolled moderate-to-severe asthma were randomized 2:2:1:1 to 52 weeks of add-on therapy with SC dupilumab 200 mg or 300 mg q2w or matched-volume placebo (1.14 mL or 2 mL, respectively). The present analysis includes the subset of QUEST patients aged ≥ 12 to < 18 years at baseline (placebo 1.14 mL, n = 21; dupilumab 200 mg q2w, n = 34; placebo 2 mL, n = 18; dupilumab 300 mg q2w, n = 34).

2.2 Assessments and Analysis

We summarized conjunctivitis events reported as adverse events (AEs) in the safety populations (i.e., patients who received one or more doses of the study drug) of these three clinical trials. Adverse events and serious AEs (SAEs) were reported by investigators and were detected through two channels: patients reporting symptoms to the investigator (either unprompted or in response to the query “did you have any problems?”); or identification of the AE and SAE by investigators following clinical examination during study visits. Conjunctivitis events were diagnosed and treated based on patient-reported symptoms and external eye examination by study investigators (most of whom were dermatologists; some were allergists; and none were ophthalmologists), in most cases without ophthalmologic referral. Events were coded according to Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities Preferred Terms (MedDRA PTs). Unless otherwise specified, the term “conjunctivitis” refers to a compiled group of MedDRA PTs that included the word “conjunctivitis,” (i.e., conjunctivitis, allergic conjunctivitis, bacterial conjunctivitis, viral conjunctivitis, adenoviral conjunctivitis, and atopic keratoconjunctivitis). All assessments for the compiled conjunctivitis term included data for the compiled term and for the component PTs, unless indicated otherwise. The study protocols did not require any specific query about ocular symptoms, and most cases were not diagnosed by an ophthalmologist. In ADOL, association of dupilumab dose/concentration and risk of conjunctivitis was assessed.

Descriptive statistics were used to summarize all assessments. All assessments were conducted for the treatment period of each study and were analyzed by treatment group, including a combined group of all dupilumab-treated patients. Incidence rates of the number and proportion of adolescent patients with one or more event and the number of events were assessed. Annualized incidence rates (i.e., the number of patients with one or more event per 100 patient-years [PYs] and the number of conjunctivitis events per 100 PYs, along with incidence risk ratios with 95% confidence intervals [CIs] for dupilumab vs placebo groups) were estimated from Poisson regression with treatment as a fixed factor; log value of treatment period duration was used as the offset variable. Kaplan–Meier estimates were used to assess the time to onset of the first conjunctivitis event by treatment group, including median and 95% CI (ADOL and PED-OLE). Median time to first event could not be calculated based on the full study population because of the small number of events. Therefore, medians in the AD trials were calculated based on the subgroup of patients with events (statistical significance was not determined in this analysis because of the small numbers in this subgroup). Time to event data were not calculated for QUEST. Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CI of conjunctivitis events for comparison of dupilumab vs placebo groups were based on Cox regression models with treatment and randomization strata (baseline AD severity based on Investigator’s Global Assessment score of 3 or 4; baseline weight < 60 kg or ≥ 60 kg) as fixed factors (ADOL study only). In QUEST, HR and 95% CI to compare dupilumab vs placebo for the time to first event were derived using a Cox regression model, including the time to first event as the dependent variable, and treatment groups, age, region (pooled country), baseline eosinophil strata, and baseline inhaled corticosteroid dose concentration as fixed factors. Because of the small number of events, only the data from the combined dupilumab group and the combined placebo group are interpretable. Additional analyses of conjunctivitis included severity of conjunctivitis as assessed by the investigators (mild, moderate, severe; number and proportion of patients, and number of events); resolution of conjunctivitis (e.g., recovered/resolved) during the treatment period (number and proportion of patients, and number of events); whether events were considered related to study treatment, as assessed by the clinical investigators, who were primarily dermatologists and allergists (none were ophthalmologists); and number and proportion of reported conjunctivitis treatments used. In all three trials, the choice of treatment for conjunctivitis was at the discretion of the investigator.

For association of dupilumab dose/concentration and risk of conjunctivitis in ADOL, logistic regression analysis was conducted, as reporting conjunctivitis is a binary outcome. A logistic function converts the binary categorical measure into the probability (continuous variable bound from 0 to 1) of reporting the categorical response. The relationship between the probability of reporting conjunctivitis was related to the exposure metric, observed trough concentration at steady state. This continuous exposure metric was used as a predictor in the logistic regression model to calculate p-values, which represent the statistical significance of the inclination of the regression line. Descriptive data were also provided for any PTs that include the term “keratitis” or “blepharitis.”

2.3 Compliance with Ethical Standards

All trials were conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and with the International Council for Harmonisation guidelines for good clinical practice and applicable regulatory requirements [16, 19, 23]. All patients provided written consent/assent, and at least one parent or guardian for each adolescent patient provided written informed consent.

3 Results

3.1 AD Trials

3.1.1 ADOL

In ADOL, 22.8% of patients reported a medical history of allergic conjunctivitis at baseline; other conjunctivitis PTs were not reported at baseline. There were 19 conjunctivitis events among the 165 patients receiving dupilumab and four events among the 85 patients receiving placebo. More patients who received dupilumab (17/165; 10.3%) reported at least one conjunctivitis event than those who received placebo (4/85; 4.7%) (Table 1). Most patients were not referred for a formal ocular examination. One case of unspecified viral keratitis (specific viral etiology not known) occurred in a patient receiving dupilumab 300 mg q4w (Electronic Supplementary Material 1 [ESM]—Patient narratives), and one case of allergic blepharitis occurred in a patient receiving placebo. Thirteen conjunctivitis events and the unspecified viral keratitis event were considered by the investigators to be related to the study drug in the combined dupilumab group, as were two events in the placebo group (Table 2). No patients temporarily or permanently discontinued study treatment because of conjunctivitis, keratitis, or blepharitis.

Table 1 Conjunctivitis among adolescents in ADOL and among adults receiving dupilumab monotherapy
Full size table
Table 2 Conjunctivitis events considered to be related to study drug in ADOL
Full size table

Annualized incidence rates of overall conjunctivitis assessed as both the number of patients with one or more events per 100 PYs and the number of events per 100 PYs were higher in patients who received dupilumab than in those who received placebo (Table 3). Among patients who reported conjunctivitis, the median time to onset of the first conjunctivitis event was numerically shorter for dupilumab 300 mg q4w (37.0 days) than 200/300 mg q2w or placebo (57.0 days and 40.5 days, respectively) (Fig. 1a); however, the HR for time to event did not show significant differences between treatment groups (Table 1). The incidence of conjunctivitis did not increase with increased dose/exposure of the drug (Fig. 1b).

Table 3 Annualized incidence rates of conjunctivitis per 100 PYs in ADOL
Full size table
Fig. 1
figure 1

Time to first conjunctivitis event, and exposure–response relationship. a Time to first conjunctivitis event in ADOL. b Relationship between exposure and risk of developing conjunctivitis in ADOL: logistic regression relating probability of developing conjunctivitis with dupilumab trough concentration at week 16. The mean regression line is blue, and the confidence interval around the regression line is represented by the gray area. Patients without any conjunctivitis events are shown at the bottom of the figure and those with one or more conjunctivitis event are shown at the top of the figure; the open green circles (300 mg q4w) and open red squares (200/300 mg q2w) are offset so that each circle/square can be seen. The y-axis represents the probability of a patient reporting one or more conjunctivitis event. Means of response variables (open black circles) and confidence intervals (green vertical lines) around the means are presented in the figures by quartile of exposure. c Time to first conjunctivitis event in PED-OLE. Time to onset of first conjunctivitis event was based on the compiled overall conjunctivitis definition that included all component MedDRA PTs [conjunctivitis, conjunctivitis allergic, conjunctivitis bacterial, conjunctivitis viral, conjunctivitis adenoviral, and atopic keratoconjunctivitis]. “Censored” (i.e., vertical crossbars) refers to patients in the overall population who discontinued from the study. MedDRA Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities, PT MedDRA Preferred Term, qw once weekly, q2w every 2 weeks, q4w every 4 weeks

Full size image

Conjunctivitis events were mild or moderate in severity—none of the cases were determined to be severe (Table 4), and none of the cases met SAE criteria. Similarly, the unspecified viral keratitis and allergic blepharitis events were considered mild, and neither event was an SAE. Most cases of conjunctivitis recovered/resolved during the treatment period (Table 4), as did the case of unspecified viral keratitis and the case of allergic blepharitis. Twelve dupilumab-treated patients (7.3%) and 4 (4.7%) placebo-treated patients received treatment for conjunctivitis. Treatments for conjunctivitis included anti-infective agents, anti-inflammatory therapies, combination products containing anti-infective agents and anti-inflammatory therapies, decongestants and anti-allergics (e.g., antihistamines, mast cell stabilizers, and alpha-adrenergic agonists), and other ophthalmologic preparations (ESM 2 – Table S1); the unspecified viral keratitis event was treated with tobramycin-dexamethasone eye drops, and the blepharitis event was treated with diphenhydramine hydrochloride.

Table 4 Severity and resolution of conjunctivitis in ADOL
Full size table

3.1.2 PED-OLE

A total of 275 adolescents with AD who had participated in dupilumab clinical trials enrolled in PED-OLE and received at least one dose of dupilumab during that study. The baseline prevalence of allergic conjunctivitis was 21.5% among adolescent patients entering PED-OLE. A total of 142 patients completed 16 weeks, 69 completed 26 weeks, and 34 completed at least 52 weeks of treatment at the time of data cut-off for this analysis, for a total exposure of 141.7 PYs. There were 22 conjunctivitis events (15.52 per 100 PYs) during PED-OLE; 12 patients (4.4%) had one or more conjunctivitis event (9.15 per 100 PYs; Tables 5 and 6). Among patients with one or more conjunctivitis event, median time to onset of the first event was 65.5 days for the dupilumab combined group, and 145.0, 531.0, and 60.5 days, respectively, for dupilumab 2 mg/kg, 4 mg/kg, and 300 mg q4w (Fig. 1c). No events of keratitis or blepharitis were reported. Most patients were not referred for a formal ocular examination.

Table 5 Conjunctivitis among adolescents receiving dupilumab in PED-OLE
Full size table
Table 6 Annualized incidence rates of conjunctivitis per 100 PYs in PED-OLE
Full size table

Five conjunctivitis events were considered related to the study drug, all in the dupilumab 300 mg q4w group (ESM 2—Table S2). One allergic conjunctivitis event was considered severe and related to the study drug (ESM 1—Patient narratives; ESM 2—Table S2); none of the cases were considered to be SAEs. No patients temporarily or permanently discontinued from study treatment because of conjunctivitis.

Ten patients with events (a total of 20 events) recovered/resolved, one event did not recover/resolve, and the outcome was unknown for one event (ESM 2—Table S3). Ten patients (3.6%) received treatment for conjunctivitis. Treatments for conjunctivitis included antihistamines, anti-infective agents, anti-inflammatory therapies, combination products, decongestants, and anti-allergic agents (e.g., mast cell inhibitors/stabilizers, antihistamine), and sodium chloride (ESM 2—Table S4).

3.2 Asthma Trial

3.2.1 QUEST

There were 107 adolescents with moderate-to-severe asthma in QUEST (5.6% of all patients). The baseline rate of allergic conjunctivitis was 13.1%. During the treatment period, conjunctivitis was reported at lower rates than in the AD studies, and in similar proportions of adolescents who received dupilumab (2/68, 2.9%) or placebo (1/39, 2.6%); there were two events in the combined dupilumab group and one event in the combined placebo group (Table 7). The proportions of adult patients in QUEST with one or more conjunctivitis event were similar for the dupilumab (20/1195, 1.7%) and placebo (14/595, 2.4%) groups, and were also similar to the proportions among the adolescent patients (Table 7; ESM 2—Table S5). No events of keratitis or blepharitis were reported. No patients were referred for a formal ocular examination.

Table 7 Incidence rates and annualized incidence rates of conjunctivitis among adolescents with moderate-to-severe asthma in QUEST
Full size table

None of the conjunctivitis events were considered related to the study drug, and all events were mild or moderate in severity; all were resolved during the treatment period (ESM 2 – Table S6). No event was an SAE, and no patients temporarily or permanently discontinued study treatment because of conjunctivitis. There were too few events to calculate a median time to the first conjunctivitis event. Hazard ratios did not show any differences between dupilumab and placebo in adolescents or adults (ESM 2—Table S5). Treatments for conjunctivitis included a systemic antihistamine (loratadine) and oxymetazoline hydrochloride.

4 Discussion

Adolescent patients treated with dupilumab in clinical trials for moderate-to-severe AD had a greater incidence of conjunctivitis than placebo-treated patients, consistent with data reported in clinical trials of adults with AD [26]. By contrast, the incidence of conjunctivitis among adolescent patients in the asthma trial was lower than that observed in the AD trials and was similar in dupilumab- and placebo-treated patients. In both the AD and asthma trials, most cases of conjunctivitis were mild or moderate in severity and resolved during the study period with conventional treatments; no cases led to permanent discontinuation of the study drug. These findings are consistent with those reported among adults in dupilumab clinical trials for AD and asthma [26, 31].

The annualized incidence rates of conjunctivitis in dupilumab-treated adolescents were lower in the long-term PED-OLE trial (15.52 events per 100 PYs; 9.15 patients with one or more events per 100 PYs) than in the 16-week double-blinded ADOL trial (37.50 events per 100 PYs; 35.59 patients with one or more events per 100 PYs). This is consistent with results reported in the adult OLE trial, where the incidence of new conjunctivitis events declined over time [32].

No relationship was observed between dupilumab serum concentration and the incidence of conjunctivitis in adolescents. By contrast, there was a trend in adults for a decreased incidence of conjunctivitis with increased exposure to dupilumab [26]. One difference between the adolescent and adult AD trials was that there was a wider range of exposures in adults (300 mg q2w and 300 mg qw); in ADOL, the dose range was narrower (300 mg q4w and 200/300 mg q2w). As there is no apparent dose–response effect in the adolescent patients, this provides further support for the idea that the relationship between dupilumab exposure and incidence of conjunctivitis is complex and multifactorial.

One case of mild unspecified viral keratitis in a dupilumab-treated patient and one case of mild allergic blepharitis in a placebo-treated patient were reported in ADOL, and no cases of either keratitis or blepharitis were reported in PED-OLE or QUEST. Of note, herpetic keratitis, a visually threatening disease, is much more common in atopic individuals, and also more commonly presents bilaterally. These and other types of keratitis may be difficult to distinguish from conjunctivitis, especially by non-experts, and thus evaluation by ophthalmologists is important in patients who develop such disorders.

Conjunctivitis, blepharitis, and keratitis are common complications of AD [1,2,3,4,5, 33,34,35,36,37]. The baseline prevalence of conjunctivitis among adolescent patients enrolled in dupilumab clinical trials was higher in the AD trials than among adolescents in QUEST, which is consistent with reports of conjunctivitis in patients with asthma compared with the general population [6,7,8,9,10]. There are several possible reasons for this difference in the prevalence of conjunctivitis in AD compared with asthma. Conjunctivitis in patients with AD may arise from rubbing, increased susceptibility to infections, skin barrier dysfunction, Demodex mite infestation, and adverse effects of topical medications [2, 34, 36, 38,39,40]. In the analysis of adults in dupilumab clinical trials, prior history of conjunctivitis, baseline AD severity, and elevation of circulating levels of certain biomarkers (thymus and activation-regulated chemokine [TARC, CCL17], IgE, and blood eosinophils) were associated with risk of conjunctivitis in patients in the AD trials [26]. Retrospective studies of dupilumab-treated patients with AD in clinical practice also showed significant positive associations of certain biomarkers (TARC, IgE) and prior history of ocular disorders, with an increased risk of conjunctivitis [41, 42]. However, the number of conjunctivitis events among adolescent patients in the present analysis was too small to evaluate the relationships between baseline characteristics and the incidence of conjunctivitis.

The pathophysiology of conjunctivitis in these trials remains unclear—microbiologic testing was generally not done, and patients were not routinely referred to ophthalmologists or other ocular specialists. Several unproven mechanistic hypotheses have been proposed to explain the increased incidence of conjunctivitis observed in dupilumab-treated patients with AD, such as an IL-13-mediated effect on intraepithelial goblet cells, a dupilumab–AD interaction in a patient population prone to developing ocular surface disorders, epithelial barrier dysfunction arising from dysregulated immune responses associated with conjunctival associated lymphoid tissue, increased Demodex mites, eosinophilic infiltration, and other cytokine-mediated effects [26, 43,44,45,46,47]. However, these proposed mechanisms do not fully explain the apparent drug–disease interaction that is uniquely seen in AD. For example, both IL-13 and IL-4 are dysregulated in multiple type 2 inflammatory disorders, including asthma and AD, and blockade of both IL-4 and IL-13 activity by dupilumab reduces eosinophil infiltration into tissues, reduces type 2 inflammatory activity, and improves epithelial barrier dysfunction [48,49,50]. Further investigation is ongoing to elucidate the mechanisms driving the increased incidence of conjunctivitis in dupilumab-treated patients with AD.

Several types of topical treatment for conjunctivitis were used in these studies, including anti-inflammatory drugs, anti-infective therapies, combination therapies, decongestants, anti-allergic agents (e.g., mast cell inhibitors/stabilizers, antihistamines), sodium chloride, and artificial tears. Regardless of the type of treatment that was used, most cases recovered during the study treatment period in the asthma trial as well as in the AD trials. A number of treatment protocols for conjunctivitis in dupilumab-treated patients with AD have been proposed in the literature, including warm compresses, artificial tears, eyedrops or ointments with antihistamines, anti-inflammatories, corticosteroid drops and ointments, anti-infective therapies, calcineurin inhibitors, topical cyclosporine A, and combination treatments; it should be noted that topical corticosteroid eye treatments increase the risk of eye infection, and longer-term use increases the risk of cataracts and glaucoma [26, 51,52,53,54]. In addition, some prescribers have used prophylactic tears on starting dupilumab therapy, to address potential issues of eye dryness [55, 56]. Currently, there is no consensus on an optimal approach to prevent and manage conjunctivitis in dupilumab-treated patients, and further studies are needed to evaluate the various treatments that are currently being used.

There are a number of strengths and limitations to this analysis. Strengths include the inclusion of both AD and asthma trials in this analysis. There were also some limitations. Adverse ocular surface events that occurred during the studies were reported and classified by clinician investigators, and most were not further evaluated by an ophthalmologist; at the time of the studies, referral to an ophthalmologist was not required by the study protocol. Collection of detailed medical history of ocular symptoms was limited, as the majority of investigators were dermatologists, and some were allergists; none were ophthalmologists. Another limitation is that data collection after the initial report of conjunctivitis was not robust enough in the studies to provide information on how many patients had resolution of these AEs without treatment vs intermittent or ongoing use of ocular medications. In addition, there was no specific severity scale for conjunctivitis — severity of conjunctivitis was graded using the standard terms of mild, moderate, and severe, as defined for any AE, which have been used in all dupilumab trials. The severity of an AE was a subjective assessment by the investigators based on clinical judgment. Mild events of keratitis and blepharitis may have been underdiagnosed because accurate diagnosis of keratitis and blepharitis requires slit lamp examination. The small number of adolescent patients with unspecified viral keratitis and blepharitis in these trials, the lack of standardized ophthalmic examination criteria, and non-usage of ophthalmic examination tools preclude any firm conclusions about the precise diagnosis, etiology, or optimal treatment of these AEs. Finally, as noted previously [26], there could have been some drift in the reporting of incidence rates of these AEs over time as well as between studies because of increased awareness of eye issues (both at baseline and during the study) and increases in patient reporting.

5 Conclusions

Consistent with findings in adults, we observed a higher incidence of conjunctivitis among adolescent patients with AD overall and in dupilumab treatment groups compared with placebo in the AD clinical trials, whereas incidence rates in adolescent patients in the asthma trial were comparatively lower and similar between dupilumab and placebo. Conjunctivitis cases across all conditions and trials were predominantly mild or moderate and resolved during the treatment period, and none resulted in permanent discontinuation of study treatment. Further research is currently ongoing to explore the underlying association of conjunctivitis with AD, and with dupilumab treatment in patients with AD.