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Working together in small-scale fisheries: harnessing collective action for poverty eradication

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Abstract

This paper builds on lessons learned from case studies of organization-building and collective action as a means of eradicating poverty in small-scale fisheries. The Voluntary Guidelines for Securing Sustainable Small-Scale Fisheries in the Context of Food Security and Poverty Eradication, endorsed by FAO Member States in 2014, recognize that addressing poverty depends in large measure upon the collective agency of small-scale fishers and fish workers themselves. We first discuss the nature of poverty in small-scale fisheries and argue that lack of rights and debilitating power relations are among the factors contributing to poverty. Secondly, the paper explores the possibilities of collective action and suggests that the support—but not the domination—of government and civil society is crucial. Finally, we look into the characteristics of fisher and fish worker organizations and emphasize the importance of autonomous decision making, and the need to address internal obstacles and opportunities, including those related to gender.

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Notes

  1. “Fishers and fish workers” are the term used by FAO to emphasize the need to include people involved both harvest and post-harvest activities. We will use the same term throughout this paper.

  2. For more extensive, theoretical perspectives on collective action, see Olson (1971), Hardin 1982: Tilly (1978), Ostrom (2001), and Miller (2014).

  3. The thematic series contains case studies from Barbados, Costa Rica, India, Indonesia, Norway, Tanzania, Timor-Leste, and the USA.

  4. FAO perceives root causes of poverty “in small-scale fishing communities to be “associated with a number of factors. Among these factors are as follows: the harvest nature of the production process; the high perishability of the product; the relatively higher capital investment needed for production, and the associated higher risks; the relative isolation of fishers’ work space from mainstream society; and the dangerous nature of the occupation and the uncertainties associated with the state of resources, which create fears and vulnerability” (SOFIA 2016a: 122).

  5. https://www.rochdalepioneersmuseum.coop/about-us/the-rochdale-principles/

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Acknowledgements

This paper originated from the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) project “Strengthening organizations and collective action in fisheries – Towards the formulation of a capacity development program on poverty eradication and collective action in small-scale fisheries.” The first project workshop was held in Barbados on 4–6 November 2014, organized by the Centre for Resource Management and Environmental Studies of The University of West Indies. The paper was also discussed at the MARE conference in 2015 in Amsterdam, and at FAO on 16–18 November 2016 in Rome, Italy. The authors thank FAO for supporting the development of this work. Svein Jentoft also wants to acknowledge the support of the Too Big To Ignore (TBTI) global small-scale fisheries research network.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway

    Svein Jentoft & Maarten Bavinck

  2. Department of Geography, Planning and International Development Studies, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Maarten Bavinck

  3. Anthropology Lab, Santiago, Chile

    Enrique Alonso-Población

  4. Products, Trade and Marketing Branch, FAO, Rome, Italy

    Anna Child

  5. Nupaub-USP University of Sau Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

    Antonio Diegues

  6. Strategic Programme on Rural Poverty Reduction, FAO, Rome, Italy

    Daniela Kalikoski

  7. Azim Premji University, Bangaluru, India

    John Kurien

  8. University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Barbados

    Patrick McConney

  9. University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

    Paul Onyango

  10. Fishing and Operations and Technology Branch, FAO, Rome, Italy

    Susana Siar

  11. CoopeSoliDar, R.L., San Jose, Costa Rica

    Vivienne Solis Rivera

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  1. Svein Jentoft
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Jentoft, S., Bavinck, M., Alonso-Población, E. et al. Working together in small-scale fisheries: harnessing collective action for poverty eradication. Maritime Studies 17, 1–12 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40152-018-0094-8

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