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Microchemical contaminants as forming agents of anthropogenic soils

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Abstract

Within historically accepted, major soil-forming major processes, the role of chemicals as a human-induced factor was neglected until the middle of the last century. Over the years, however, anthropogenic chemicals have emerged and are being released on the land surface in large amounts. Irreversible changes in the matrix of soil and soil constituents may occur as a result of both intentional and accidental release of anthropogenic chemicals, as well as a byproduct of human activity. After presenting an historical evolution of the discussion on soil-forming factors, we focus here on human impacts and examine the abiotic role of anthropogenic microchemical contaminant (AMCC) interactions with soils at the molecular level. Selected examples of microchemical contaminants, including heavy metals, pesticides, hydrocarbons, and engineered nanomaterials, are presented to demonstrate that AMCCs—even at low concentration—may irreversibly alter the matrix of the soil and soil constituents and lead to the formation of anthropogenic soils with different properties than those of the pristine soils.

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Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Reprinted from Ogawa et al., Intercalation of a cationic azobenzene into montmorillonite Applied Clay Science, 22, 179–185, Copyright (2003), with permission from Elsevier

Fig. 3

Adapted with permission from Yang et al., Interactions of humic acid with nanosized inorganic oxides. Langmuir 25, 3571–3576. Copyright (2009) American Chemical Society and from Philippe and Schaumann (2014) adapted with permission from Interactions of dissolved organic matter with natural and engineered inorganic colloids: A review. Environmental Science and Technology 48, 8946–8962 Copyright (2014) American Chemical Society

Fig. 4

Reprinted from Salomons (1995). Long-term strategies for handling contaminated sites and large scale areas. In Salomons W. and Stigliani W.M. Biogeodynamics of Pollutants in Soils and Sediments. Springer pp 1–30, with permission of Springer

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Acknowledgments

Financial support from the Israel Water Authority (Grant No. 4500687211) is gratefully acknowledged.

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  1. Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel

    Ishai Dror, Bruno Yaron & Brian Berkowitz

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Dror, I., Yaron, B. & Berkowitz, B. Microchemical contaminants as forming agents of anthropogenic soils. Ambio 46, 109–120 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-016-0804-7

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