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Evaluation of Bacterial Contamination as an Indicator of Viral Contamination in a Sedimentary Aquifer in Uruguay

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Abstract

In Uruguay, groundwater is frequently used for agricultural activities, as well as for human consumption in urban and rural areas. As in many countries worldwide, drinking water microbiological quality is evaluated only according to bacteriological standards and virological analyses are not mentioned in the legislation. In this work, the incidence of human viral (Rotavirus A, Norovirus GII, and human Adenovirus) and bacterial (total and thermotolerant coliform and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) contamination in groundwater in the Salto district, Uruguay, as well as the possible correlation between these groups of microorganisms, was studied. From a total of 134 groundwater samples, 42 (32.1%) were positive for Rotavirus, only 1 (0.7%) for both Rotavirus and Adenovirus, and 96 (72.6%) samples were positive for bacterial indicators. Results also show that Rotavirus presence was not associated with changes in chemical composition of the aquifer water. Bacteriological indicators were not adequate to predict the presence of viruses in individual groundwater samples (well scale), but a deeper spatial–temporal analysis showed that they are promising candidates to assess the viral contamination degree at aquifer scale, since from the number of wells with bacterial contamination the number of wells with viral contamination could be estimated.

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Acknowledgements

We want to thank the National Research and Innovation Agency ANII (‘‘Agencia Nacional de Investigación e Innovación’’) for the financial support through project FMV_2_2011_1_6927, and Teresita Porochin and Sergio Aguirre for their collaboration during the assembly of the proposal and the early stages of the research. We would also want to thank the Salto’s Local Government (“Intendencia Municipal de Salto”) for allowing the use of their laboratory and to the technicians Marcelo Lucas and Ana María Escanda. We would especially like to thank all the well owners that collaborated with the project by allowing for sample collection. We also thank Prof. Dr. Majid Hassanizadeh from Utrecht University and Prof. Dr. Jan Willem Foppen from UNESCO-IHE for their selfless support and guidance during the first stages of this research.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento del Agua (Water Department), CENUR LN (North Littoral Regional University Center), Universidad de la República, Gral. Rivera 1350, Salto, CP: 50.000, Uruguay

    P. Gamazo, E. Alvareda, J. Ramos, M. Olivera & G. Sapriza

  2. Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, (Molecular Virology Laboratory), CENUR LN (North Littoral Regional University Center), Universidad de la República, Gral. Rivera 1350, Salto, CP: 50.000, Uruguay

    M. Victoria, L. F. L. Tort, L. Burutaran, A. Lizasoain, M. Castells & R. Colina

  3. Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Budapestlaan 4, P.O. Box 80021, 3508 TA, Utrecht, The Netherlands

    J. F. Schijven

  4. Department of Statistics, Informatics and Modelling, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands

    J. F. Schijven

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  1. P. Gamazo
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  12. R. Colina
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Gamazo, P., Victoria, M., Schijven, J.F. et al. Evaluation of Bacterial Contamination as an Indicator of Viral Contamination in a Sedimentary Aquifer in Uruguay. Food Environ Virol 10, 305–315 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12560-018-9341-9

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