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Major incidents that shaped aviation security

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Abstract

This article is giving an overview about major incidents in civil aviation, that have shaped the aviation security policies over the course of time. It begins with industry threats and security breaches (hijackings and terrorism), the counter measures and policy decisions are giving an example of changing the aviation security. The article continues with analysing the impact of 9/11, but also the current threats to civil aviation and the international efforts in combating them. The objective is to analyse the impact of the incidents on the evolution of aviation security and find out whether industry has been reactive or proactive to aviation threat mitigation. This article concludes that the security methods are reactively implemented, and a proactive attitude of the stakeholders has to maintain it course towards the aviation security, as we believe the aviation will have an increasingly part in the future of transportation.

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Notes

  1. Sweet (2008). Aviation and Airport Security. Terrorism and safety concerns. p. 1–2.

  2. Iasiello (2013). Getting Ahead of the Threat: Aviation and Cyber Security. p. 25.

  3. ICAO. Security and Facilitation. Security. Available at: https://www.icao.int/Security/Pages/default.aspx

  4. Moore (1991). Airport, Aircraft, and Airline Security. p. 49.

  5. Hijacking has been characterized as the forcible seizure of any vehicle in transit to commit robbery, extort money, kidnap passengers, or carry out other crimes. Historically, the term was used to indicate the illegal taking of property from someone traveling on a public road. In the United States, the term first came to mean the theft of goods in transit by truck. Eventually, the term hijacking grew to encompass the seizure of ships, usually for theft and extortion. The concept of hijacking was eventually extended to include the unlawful taking of airplanes. Currently, hijacking, skyjacking, or air piracy is defined as the forcible commandeering of an aircraft while in flight. In: Sweet (2008). Aviation and Airport Security. Terrorism and safety concerns. p. 13–14.

  6. Sweet (2008). Aviation and Airport Security. Terrorism and safety concerns. p. 55.

  7. Price and Forrest (2016). Practical Aviation Security. Predicting and Preventing Future Threats. p. 51–52

  8. Elias (2010). Airport and Aviation Security. U.S. Policy and Strategy in the Age of Global Terrorism. p. 2

  9. Sweet (2008). Aviation and Airport Security. Terrorism and safety concerns. p. 55.

  10. Elias (2010). Airport and Aviation Security. U.S. Policy and Strategy in the Age of Global Terrorism. p. 2

  11. Sweet (2008). Aviation and Airport Security. Terrorism and safety concerns. p. 56.

  12. Price and Forrest (2016). Practical Aviation Security. Predicting and Preventing Future Threats. p. 53–54.

  13. Moore (1991). Airport, Aircraft, and Airline Security. p. 5.

  14. Elias (2010). Airport and Aviation Security. U.S. Policy and Strategy in the Age of Global Terrorism. p. 3.

  15. Price and Forrest (2016). Practical Aviation Security. Predicting and Preventing Future Threats. p. 54–56

  16. Sweet (2008). Aviation and Airport Security. Terrorism and safety concerns. p. 67–68.

  17. Moore (1991). Airport, Aircraft, and Airline Security. p. 21; Kaplan (2006) Targets for Terrorists: Post-9/11 Aviation Security. Council on Foreign Relations, 7 Sept. 2006.

  18. Price and Forrest (2016). Practical Aviation Security. Predicting and Preventing Future Threats. p. 56–58.

  19. Elias (2010). Airport and Aviation Security. U.S. Policy and Strategy in the Age of Global Terrorism. p. 4–6.

  20. Moore (1991). Airport, Aircraft, and Airline Security. p. 8–9.

  21. Stewart and Mueller (2018). Risk and economic assessment of U.S. aviation security for passenger-borne bomb attacks. p. 17.

  22. Sweet (2008). Aviation and Airport Security. Terrorism and safety concerns. p. 64–65.

  23. Price and Forrest (2016). Practical Aviation Security. Predicting and Preventing Future Threats. p. 59–60.

  24. Elias (2010). Airport and Aviation Security. U.S. Policy and Strategy in the Age of Global Terrorism. p. 11.

  25. Abeyratne (2010). Aviation Security Law. p. 13.

  26. Price and Forrest (2016). Practical Aviation Security. Predicting and Preventing Future Threats. p. 60.

  27. Gerstein (2017). Drug Trafficking by Air: The Lessons for Aviation Security.

  28. Elias (2010). Airport and Aviation Security. U.S. Policy and Strategy in the Age of Global Terrorism. p. 21.

  29. Price and Forrest (2016). Practical Aviation Security. Predicting and Preventing Future Threats. p. 63.

  30. Sweet (2008). Aviation and Airport Security. Terrorism and safety concerns. p. 69.

  31. Elias (2010). Airport and Aviation Security. U.S. Policy and Strategy in the Age of Global Terrorism. p. 25.

  32. Sweet (2008). Aviation and Airport Security. Terrorism and safety concerns. p. 69–71.

  33. Elias (2010). Airport and Aviation Security. U.S. Policy and Strategy in the Age of Global Terrorism. p. 25.

  34. Price and Forrest (2016). Practical Aviation Security. Predicting and Preventing Future Threats. p. 70–74.

  35. Elias (2010). Airport and Aviation Security. U.S. Policy and Strategy in the Age of Global Terrorism. p. 42.

  36. Price and Forrest (2016). Practical Aviation Security. Predicting and Preventing Future Threats. p. 79.

  37. Price and Forrest (2016). Practical Aviation Security. Predicting and Preventing Future Threats. p. 81.

  38. Available at: https://fas.org/irp/threat/212fin~1.html

  39. Elias (2010). Airport and Aviation Security. U.S. Policy and Strategy in the Age of Global Terrorism. p. 32.

  40. WHITE HOUSE COMMISSION ON AVIATION SAFETY AND SECURITY (1997). Final Report to President Clinton.

  41. Sweet (2008). Aviation and Airport Security. Terrorism and safety concerns. p. 72.

  42. Price and Forrest (2016). Practical Aviation Security. Predicting and Preventing Future Threats. p. 84–86.

  43. Elias (2010). Airport and Aviation Security. U.S. Policy and Strategy in the Age of Global Terrorism. p. 41–42.

  44. Blalock et al. (2006). The Impact of Post 9/11 Airport Security Measures on the Demand for Air Travel. p. 5–8.

  45. Sweet (2008). Aviation and Airport Security. Terrorism and safety concerns. p. 67.

  46. Abeyratne (2010). Aviation Security Law. p. 1.

  47. Price and Forrest (2016). Practical Aviation Security. Predicting and Preventing Future Threats. p. 88.

  48. Elias (2010). Airport and Aviation Security. U.S. Policy and Strategy in the Age of Global Terrorism. p. 41.

  49. Abeyratne (2010). Aviation Security Law. p. 1.

  50. Price and Forrest (2016). Practical Aviation Security. Predicting and Preventing Future Threats. p. 90–95.

  51. Elias (2010). Airport and Aviation Security. U.S. Policy and Strategy in the Age of Global Terrorism. p. 271.

  52. Sweet (2008). Aviation and Airport Security. Terrorism and safety concerns. p. 17.

  53. Sweet (2008). Aviation and Airport Security. Terrorism and safety concerns. p. 53.

  54. Price and Forrest (2016). Practical Aviation Security. Predicting and Preventing Future Threats. p. 288–289.

  55. Enerstvedt (2017). Aviation Security, Privacy, Data Protection and Other Human Rights: Technologies and Legal Principles. p. 262.

  56. Kaplan (2006). Targets for Terrorists: Post-9/11 Aviation Security. Council on Foreign Relations, 7 Sept. 2006.

  57. Bajoria (2010). The Debate Over Airport Security. Council on Foreign Relations, 2 Dec. 2010.

  58. Enerstvedt (2017). Aviation Security, Privacy, Data Protection and Other Human Rights: Technologies and Legal Principles. p. 262–265.

  59. Abeyratne (2010). Aviation Security Law. p. 36.

  60. ICAO (2018). Priorities for security, environment, privatization and gender parity raised as ICAO Secretary General addresses IATA AGM.

  61. THE ECONOMIST (2019). Thankfully, the technology to combat rogue drones is getting better.

  62. Price and Forrest (2016). Practical Aviation Security. Predicting and Preventing Future Threats. p. 19.

  63. Sweet (2008). Aviation and Airport Security. Terrorism and safety concerns. p. 57.

  64. Sweet (2008). Aviation and Airport Security. Terrorism and safety concerns. p. 73–74.

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  1. Faculty of International Relations, University of Economics in Bratislava, Dolnozemská cesta 1/b, Bratislava, 852 35, Slovak Republic

    Michal Klenka

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  1. Michal Klenka
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Correspondence to Michal Klenka.

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Klenka, M. Major incidents that shaped aviation security. J Transp Secur 12, 39–56 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12198-019-00201-2

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