Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the subtle and blatant prejudice scale toward indigenous people in Argentina and its relationship with right wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, tolerance for disagreement, ideological-political self-positioning, sex and age. A sample of 304 participants from Buenos Aires was selected using a non-probabilistic incidental method. Participants were aged from 18 to 41 years and they were asked to fill a self-report questionnaire including an Argentinean version of the subtle and blatant prejudice toward indigenous people scale together with right wing authoritarianism scale, social dominance orientation scale, tolerance for disagreement scale, ideological-political self-positioning scale. We found adequate psychometrics properties for the subtle and blatant prejudice scale, as well as significant and positive correlations with right wing authoritarianism, tolerance for disagreement, social dominance orientation and political self-placement. These findings may indicate that prejudice towards indigenous people in Argentina is a complex problem that cannot be explained only by considering intergroup relations, because different socio-psychological variables are related with its consolidation and maintenance.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Allport, G. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Altemeyer, B. (1981). Right-wing authoritarianism. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press.
Altemeyer, B. (1996). The authoritarian spectre. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Altemeyer, B. (1998). The other “authoritarian personality”. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (pp. 47–92). San Diego: Academic.
Barreiro, A., Castorina, J. A., & Van Alphen, F. (2017). Conflicting narratives about the Argentinean ‘conquest of the desert’: Social representations, cognitive polyphasia, and nothingness. In M. Carretero, S. Berger, & M. Grever (Eds.), Palgrave handbook of research in historical culture and education (pp. 373–389). London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
Bentler, P. (1995). EQS structural equations program manual. Encino, CA: Multivariate Software.
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136–162). Beverly Hills: Sage.
Cárdenas, M. (2006). Y verás cómo quieren en Chile: Un estudio sobre el prejuicio hacia los inmigrantes bolivianos por parte de jóvenes chilenos. Última Década, 24, 103–129.
Cárdenas, M. (2010). Forms of ethnic prejudice: Assessing the dimensionality of a Spanish-language version of the blatant and subtle prejudice scale. Psicothema, 22(1), 118–124.
Cárdenas, M., Music, A., Contreras, P., Yeomans, H., & Calderón, C. (2007). Las nuevas formas de prejuicio y sus instrumentos. Revista de Psicología, 15, 69–95.
Cohrs, J. C., & Asbrock, F. (2009). Right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, and ethnic prejudice against threatening and competitive groups. European Journal of Social Psychology, 39, 270–289.
Dovidio, J., Hewstone, M., Glick, P. & Esses, V. (2010). Prejudice, stereotyping and discrimination: Theoretical and empirical overview. In J. Dovidio, M. Hewstone, P. Glick, & V. Esses (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of prejudice stereotyping and discrimination (pp. 3–29). London: Sage.
Duckitt, J. (2001). A dual-process cognitive-motivational theory of ideology and prejudice. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 33, pp. 41–113). New York: Academic Press.
Duckitt, J. & Sibley, C. G. (2010). Personality, ideology, prejudice, and politics: A dual process motivational model. Journal of Personality, 78(6), 1861–1894.
Duriez, B., & Van Hiel, A. (2002). The march of modern fascism. A comparison of social dominance orientation and authoritarianism. Personality and Individual Differences, 32, 1199–1213.
Espelt, E., Javaloy, F., & Cornejo, J. M. (2006). Las escalas de prejuicio manifiesto y sutil: ¿una o dos escalas? (The blatant and subtle prejudice scales: One or two scales). Anales de Psicología, 22(1), 81–88.
Etchezahar, E. (2012). Las dimensiones del autoritarismo: Análisis de la escala de autoritarismo del ala de derechas (RWA) en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Revista Psicología Política, 12(25), 591–603.
Etchezahar, E., Prado-Gascó, V., Jaume, L., & Brussino, S. (2014). Validación argentina de la escala de Orientación a la Dominancia Social (SDO). Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 46(1), 35–43.
Etchezahar, E., Ungaretti, J., & Costa, G. (2015). Autoritarismo del ala de derechas: Conceptualización, evaluación y perspectivas a futuro. Investigaciones en Psicología, 20(3), 19–25.
Feather, N. T., & McKee, I. R. (2008). Values and prejudice: Predictors of attitudes towards Australian aborigines. Australian Journal of Psychology, 60(2), 80–89.
Freitag, M., & Rapp, C. (2015). The personal foundations of political tolerance towards immigrants. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 41(3), 351–373.
Frías-Navarro, D., Monterde i Bort, H., & Peris-García, F. (2009). La medida del prejuicio manifiesto y sutil. Interpsiquis, 1, 123–134.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2006). Multivariate data analysis. New Jersey: Pearson.
Hambleton, R. K., Merenda, P. F., & Spielberger, C. D. (2005). Adapting educational and psychological tests for cross-cultural assessment. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indices in covariance structure analysis: Conventional versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55.
Instituto Nacional de Asuntos Indígenas (2015). Condiciones de vida de familias, grupos convivientes y comunidades indígenas en la Argentina. Ministerio de desarrollo social de la Nación: Argentina.
Laborín Álvarez, J. F., Parra Armenta, E. M. & Valdéz Gardea, G. C. (2012). Discriminación y prejuicios de jóvenes sonorenses hacia el migrante indígena. Estudios Sociales, 331–347.
Lizasoain, L., & Joaristi, L. (2003). Gestión y análisis de datos con SPSS. Madrid: ITES-PARANINFO.
McConahay, J. B. (1986). Modern racism, ambivalence and modern racism scale. In J. F. Dovidio & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination and racism. San Diego: Academia Press.
Morrison, M. A., & Morrison, T. G. (2002). Development and validation of a scale measuring modern prejudice toward gay men and lesbian women. Journal of Homosexuality, 43(2), 15–37.
Morrison, M. A., Morrison, T. G., Harriman, R. L., & Jewell, L. M. (2008). Old-fashioned and modern prejudice toward aboriginals in Canada. In M. A. Morrison & T. G. Morrison (Eds.), The psychology of modern prejudice (pp. 277–306). New York: Nova Science Publishers.
Navas, M. S., García, M. C., Rojas, A. J., Pumares, P., & Cuadrado, I. (2006). Prejuicio y actitudes de aculturación: la perspectiva de autóctonos e inmigrantes. Psicothema, 18(2), 187–193.
Olaizola, J., Díaz, F., & Ochoa, G. (2014). Comparing intergroup contact effects on blatant and subtle prejudice in adolescents: A multivariate multilevel model. Psicothema, 26(1), 33–38.
Passini, S. (2017). Different ways of being authoritarian: The distinct effects of authoritarian dimensions on values and prejudice. Political Psychology, 38, 73–86.
Passini, S., & Morselli, D. (2016). Blatant and subtle domination: The mediation of moral inclusion on the relationship between social dominance orientation and prejudice. Personality and Individual Differences, 89, 182–186.
Pedersen, A., & Walker, I. (1997). Prejudice against Australian aborigines: Old-fashioned and modern forms. European Journal of Social Psychology, 27, 561–587.
Pedersen, A., Griffiths, B., Contos, N., Bishop, B., & Walker, I. (2000). Attitudes toward aboriginal Australians in city and country settings. Australian Psychologist, 35(2), 109–117.
Pedersen, A., Beven, J., Walker, I., & Griffiths, B. (2004). Attitudes toward indigenous Australians: The role of empathy and guilt. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 14, 233–249.
Pedersen, A., Clarke, S., Dudgeon, P., & Griffiths, B. (2005). Attitudes toward indigenous Australians and asylum seekers: The role of false beliefs and other social-psychological variables. Australian Psychologist, 40(3), 170–178.
Pettigrew, T. F., & Meertens, R. W. (1995). Subtle and blatant prejudice in western Europe. European Journal of Social Psychology, 25, 57–75.
Pettigrew, T. F., & Meertens, R. W. (2001). In defense of the subtle prejudice concept: A retort. European Journal of Social Psychology, 31, 299–309.
Pratto, F., Sidanius, J., Stallworth, L. M., & Malle, B. F. (1994). Social dominance orientation: A personality variable predicting social and political attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(4), 741–763.
Ramírez Barría, E., Estrada Goic, C., & Yzerbyt, V. (2016). Estudio correlacional de prejuicio y discriminación implícita y explícita en una muestra magallánica. Atenea (Concepción), 513, 251–262.
Ratazzi, A., & Volpato, C. (2000). Forme Sottili e manifeste di pregiudi- zio verso gli inmigranti (Subtle and blatant forms of prejudice against immigrants). Giacuale Italiano di Psicologia, 26(2), 351–375.
Rodríguez, M., Sabucedo, J. M., & Costa, M. (1993). Factores motivacionales y psicosociales asociados a los distintos tipos de acción política. Psicología Política, 7, 19–38.
Rueda, J., & Navas, M. (1996). Hacia una evaluación de las nuevas formas del prejuicio racial: las actitudes sutiles del racismo. Revista de Psicología Social, 11(2), 131–149.
Sarasola, C. M. (2010). De manera sagrada y en celebración: Identidad, cosmovisión y espiritualidad en los pueblos indígenas. Buenos Aires: Biblios.
Satorra, A. (2002). Asymptotic robustness in multiple group linear-latent variable models. Econometric Theory, 18(2), 297–312.
Sibley, C. G., & Duckitt, J. (2008). Personality and prejudice: A meta-analysis and theoretical review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 12, 248–279.
Teven, J. J., Richmond, V. P., & McCroskey, J. C. (1998). Measuring tolerance for disagreement. Communication Research Reports, 15, 209–217.
Ullman, J. B. (2001). Structural equation modeling. In B. G. Tabachnick & L. S. Fidell (Eds.), Using Multivariate Statistics (4th ed.) (pp. 653–771). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
Ungaretti, J., Müller, M., & Etchezahar, E. (2016). El estudio psicológico del prejuicio: aportes del autoritarismo y la dominancia social. Revista Internacional de Investigación en Ciencias Sociales, 12(1), 75–86.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
Joaquín Ungaretti declares that he has no conflict of interest. Edgardo Etchezahar declares that he has no conflict of interest. Alicia Barreiro declares that she has no conflict of interest.
Ethical Approval
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
Informed Consent
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ungaretti, J., Etchezahar, E. & Barreiro, A. Validation of the subtle and blatant prejudice scale towards indigenous people in Argentina. Curr Psychol 39, 1423–1429 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-9844-4
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-9844-4