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The development of the intrinsic functional connectivity of default network subsystems from age 3 to 5

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Abstract

In recent years, research on human functional brain imaging using resting-state fMRI techniques has been increasingly prevalent. The term “default mode” was proposed to describe a baseline or default state of the brain during rest. Recent studies suggested that the default mode network (DMN) is comprised of two functionally distinct subsystems: a dorsal-medial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC) subsystem involved in self-oriented cognition (i.e., theory of mind) and a medial temporal lobe (MTL) subsystem engaged in memory and scene construction; both subsystems interact with the anterior medial prefrontal cortex (aMPFC) and posterior cingulate (PCC) as the core regions of DMN. The present study explored the development of DMN core regions and these two subsystems in both hemispheres from 3- to 5-year-old children. The analysis of the intrinsic activity showed strong developmental changes in both subsystems, and significant changes were specifically found in MTL subsystem, but not in DMPFC subsystem, implying distinct developmental trajectories for DMN subsystems. We found stronger interactions between the DMPFC and MTL subsystems in 5-year-olds, particularly in the left subsystems that support the development of environmental adaptation and relatively complex mental activities. These results also indicate that there is stronger right hemispheric lateralization at age 3, which then changes as bilateral development gradually increases through to age 5, suggesting in turn the hemispheric dominance in DMN subsystems changing with age. The present results provide primary evidence for the development of DMN subsystems in early life, which might be closely related to the development of social cognition in childhood.

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Acknowledgments

We sincerely thank Dr. Jessica R. Andrews-Hanna and Dr. Daniel S. Margulies for their valuable comments on the manuscript, and Dr. R. Muralikrishnan for his contribution of language editing, as well as Mark Lauckner for his comments on the revision. This work was supported by Research Project of Humanistic and Social Science of Ministry of Education in China (Grant No. 12YJA190023) and NSFC-Guangdong Union Foundation (Grant No. U1201257).

Conflict of interest

Yaqiong Xiao, Hongchang Zhai, Angela D. Friederici, and Fucang Jia declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

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All procedures followed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation (institutional and national) and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, and the applicable revisions at the time of the investigation. Informed consent was obtained from all patients for being included in the study.

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  1. College of Education, Guangzhou University, No. 230 Waihuan West Road, Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510006, China

    Yaqiong Xiao & Hongchang Zhai

  2. Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany

    Yaqiong Xiao & Angela D. Friederici

  3. Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1068, Xueyuan Avenue, Xili University Town, Shenzhen, 518055, China

    Fucang Jia

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  1. Yaqiong Xiao
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Xiao, Y., Zhai, H., Friederici, A.D. et al. The development of the intrinsic functional connectivity of default network subsystems from age 3 to 5. Brain Imaging and Behavior 10, 50–59 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11682-015-9362-z

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