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Impact of the energy-based and location-based LEACH secondary cluster aggregation on WSN lifetime

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An Erratum to this article was published on 08 August 2017

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Abstract

The improvement of sensor networks’ lifetime has been a major research challenge in recent years. This is because sensor nodes are battery powered and may be difficult to replace when deployed. Low energy adaptive clustering hierarchical (LEACH) routing protocol was proposed to prolong sensor nodes lifetime by dividing the network into clusters. In each cluster, a cluster head (CH) node receives and aggregates data from other nodes. However, CH nodes in LEACH are randomly elected which leads to a rapid loss of network energy. This energy loss occurs when the CH has a low energy level or when it is far from the BS. LEACH with two level cluster head (LEACH-TLCH) protocol deploys a secondary cluster head (2CH) to relieve the cluster head burden in these circumstances. However, in LEACH-TLCH the optimal distance of CH to base station (BS), and the choicest CH energy level for the 2CH to be deployed for achieving an optimal network lifetime was not considered. After a survey of related literature, we improved on LEACH-TLCH by investigating the conditions set to deploy the 2CH for an optimal network lifetime. Experiments were conducted to indicate how the 2CH impacts on the network at different CH energy levels and (or) CH distance to BS. This, is referred to as factor-based LEACH (FLEACH). Investigations in FLEACH show that as CHs gets farther from the BS, the use of a 2CH extends the network lifetime. Similarly, an increased lifetime also results as the CH energy decreases when the 2CH is deployed. We further propose FLEACH-E which uses a deterministic CH selection with the deployment of 2CH from the outset of network operation. Results show an improved performance over existing state-of-the-art homogeneous routing protocols.

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  • 08 August 2017

    An erratum to this article has been published.

Notes

  1. An overview and taxonomy of these applications have been summarized in References [4, 5] respectively.

  2. CDC is a centralized protocol in which CHs elects the CHs for the next round. Clustering is controlled by the BS.

  3. The author in [48] refers to this as LEACH-M.

  4. SEP and SEP-E consider energy heterogeneity in two and three-tiers respectively.

  5. PEACH uses a proxy node as CH for low energy CHs. In FLEACH (Sect. 3), the 2CH sends data to LEACHs’ CH. We are also concerned with how 2CA affects the network lifetime at different CH energy levels and distances.

  6. The term “survival rate” was used in the referred paper.

  7. For instance, the average distance in grid distribution is 76.345 m while in normal distribution, it is 62.3604 m.

  8. Average distance of 76.745.

  9. In a random distribution with a seed value of 38.

  10. We considered a network dimension of 200 m \(\times\) 200 m. It would be interesting to study a higher hierarchy for larger sized networks.

  11. The article in Reference [72] would very beneficial in this regard.

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  1. Department of Communication Technology and Network, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

    Oluwatosin Ahmed Amodu & Raja Azlina Raja Mahmood

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Amodu, O.A., Raja Mahmood, R.A. Impact of the energy-based and location-based LEACH secondary cluster aggregation on WSN lifetime. Wireless Netw 24, 1379–1402 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-016-1414-9

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