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How's Life in Your Region? Measuring Regional Material Living Conditions, Quality of Life and Subjective Well-Being in OECD Countries Using a Robust, Conditional Benefit-of-the-Doubt Model

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Abstract

This paper measures and analyses well-being in the 349 regions in OECD countries. It is argued that the multidimensional nature of well-being and the disparate policy priorities of nations/regions calls for a reconciliatory performance evaluation framework, for which this paper advocates the use of Benefit-of-the-Doubt (BoD) weighting. In particular, using the BoD-model, three multidimensional measures of regional well-being are computed: a material condition measure, a quality of life index and a subjective life satisfaction measure. To account for the presence of certain exogenous conditions in the regional policy environments, the conditional robust order-m version of the BoD-model is applied. Results show considerable between- and within-country disparity in regional performances across the three domains of well-being. Countries such as Australia, Canada, Norway and Iceland show consistently high levels of regional well-being. Consistently low performance levels are observed for Chile, Turkey and Poland.

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Notes

  1. For theoretical studies exploring the issue of measuring and/or comparing well-being using welfare-theoretic foundations, we refer the interested reader to Nussbaum and Sen (1993), Sen (1993, 1998), Diener (2002, 2006), Diener and Suh (1997), Costanza et al. (2009), D’Acci (2011), Boarini and D'Ercole (2013) and Robeyns (2005).

  2. Further debate on CIs is available in the OECD-JRC (2008) Handbook on constructing composite indicators (see also Saltelli 2007).

  3. Note, however, that alternative ways of transforming these sub-indicators are possible to obtain indicator data with higher (lower) data values showing good (bad) performances. For instance, as pointed out by an anonymous referee, opting for the complement of the unemployment rate would be an equally valid way to 'correct the sign' of this variable.

  4. As an alternative to transforming the data (e.g., by taking the inverse) so that for all sub-indicators it holds that higher values represent better performances (as transformations might impact the results, see e.g. Thanassoulis et al. 2008), one could also use the directional distance version of the BoD-model of Zanella et al. (2015), which allows to treat both desirable and undesirable indicators in the construction of CIs. An interesting feature of this directional distance version of the BoD-model is that it does not require a transformation of the undesirable sub-indicators in the computations of the CIs. Nevertheless, while the directional distance version of the BoD-model of Zanella et al. (2015) solves the issue of subjectivity in the transformation/normalization of the sub-indicators, it does involve some subjectivity in the choice of the direction vector which specifies the direction in which the improvements in the desirable and undesirable indicators should be realized. Still, as topic for further research, it would be interesting to re-perform the analysis with the conditional robust order-m directional distance version of the BoD-model of Zanella et al. (2015) (see, e.g., Rogge et al. 2017 for a recent application of this model).

  5. The term ‘importance weights’ refers to the product of the original country performance value of the sub-indicator \({y}_{r,i}\) and the assigned BoD-weight \({w}_{r,i}\), in DEA/BoD literature referred to as virtual factors or pie shares (pure \({w}_{r,i}\)’s define trade-offs rather than true importance weights, see e.g. Becker et al. 2017). As discussed by Cherchye, Moesen, Rogge and Van Puyenbroeck, the conceptual interpretation of the virtual factors is straightforward with each pie share (\({w}_{r,i}\) x \({y}_{r,i}\)) indicating how much each indicator contributes to the overall composite indicator of region r.

  6. In view of the pie share interpretation, discussed above, restrictions on sub-indicator shares allow for an easy and natural representation of prior information about the importance of the CI’s components. As noted by Cherchye et al. (2007), such pie share restrictions may be especially attractive in view of the fact that expert opinion is often collected by a ‘budget allocation’ approach, in which experts are asked to distribute (100) points over the different dimensions to indicate relative importance.

  7. Though, practical experience teaches that strong consent, even between experts thoroughly acquainted with the object of study, is unlikely to come about on this matter.

  8. As a robustness check, the BoD-estimations were also performed with lower weight bound values set equal to 5%. Overall, this implied only minor differences in the resulting CIs.

  9. As to the choice of the parameter \(m\), a sensitivity analysis for different m-values pointed out that use of \(m\) = 40 is warranted.

  10. For more technical details on the conditional order-m BoD-model, the interested reader is referred to Daraio and Simar (2005, 2007), Bădin et al. (2010) and Verschelde and Rogge (2012).

  11. For a more comprehensive discussion of the visualisation procedure, see Daraio and Simar (2007) and Badin, Daraio and Simar (2010). For a more detailed explanation of the unconditional and the conditional order-m method and a discussion of its attractive statistical properties (which carry over to our setting), we refer to the relevant methodological papers (see also Jeong et al. 2010).

  12. The partial regression plots are generated from a non-parametric regression analysis in which the ratio \({CI}_{r}^{m}/{CI}_{r}^{m,z}\) (the ratio of the robust, unconditional CI-score and the robust, conditional CI-score) is regressed on the regional background conditions. Note that this method slightly deviates from the methodology suggested by Daraio and Simar (2005, 2007) to non-parametrically regress the ratio of \({CI}_{r}^{m,z}/{CI}_{r}^{m}\) on the exogenous background variables. The reason for using the inverse ratio is that this simplifies the interpretation of the estimated relationships. In particular, whereas the Daraio–Simar method requires one to estimate positive (negative) regression coefficients as negative (positive) associations between background conditions and the composite performance scores, the use of the inverse ratio enables one to interpret estimated positive (negative) regression coefficients as positive (negative) associations. (for more technical specificities, the interested reader is referred to Daraio and Simar 2007).

  13. As an alternative procedure to derive country-level well-being measures, one could also opt to aggregate regional well-being CI-scores using the aggregation procedure after Färe and Zelenyuk (2003) presented recently in the BoD-setting by Rogge (2018).

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Appendices

Appendix 1: The Non-robust Unconditional CIr, Robust Unconditional CIrm, and Robust Conditional CIrm,z: OECD Country Rank Changes

figure a
figure b

Appendix 2: The Non-robust Unconditional, Robust Unconditional and Robust Conditional BoD CI-Scores and Ranks: Regional Results for the OECD Countries

 

Material conditions

Quality of life

Subjective well-being

Australia

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,z

 

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,

 

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,z

 

New South Wales

0.8102

86

0.8734

92

0.8905

112

1.1435

9

1.0519

8

0.9509

77

0.9509

77

0.9658

81

0.9678

97

Victoria

0.8014

97

0.8590

103

0.8601

133

1.0984

13

1.0453

11

0.9651

41

0.9651

41

0.9804

43

0.9828

60

Queensland

0.8218

71

0.8849

79

0.8997

103

1.2053

5

1.1185

4

0.9479

86

0.9479

86

0.9635

86

0.9651

106

South Australia

0.8025

94

0.8655

100

0.8790

120

1.0755

17

1.0138

28

0.9506

78

0.9506

78

0.9667

78

0.9703

89

Western Australia

0.8779

27

0.9475

39

0.8871

116

1.1228

12

1.0055

54

0.9420

99

0.9420

99

0.9564

104

0.9446

173

Tasmania

0.7871

110

0.8478

112

0.8862

118

1.1567

9

1.0553

8

0.9648

43

0.9648

43

0.9854

32

0.9842

56

Northern Territory

0.8423

57

0.9211

57

0.9996

34

0.9183

235

0.8900

303

0.9882

10

0.9882

10

1.0013

15

1.0000

26

Australian Capital Territory

1.0000

1

1.1539

4

1.0459

7

1.4174

4

1.0649

7

0.9831

18

0.9831

18

1.0003

18

1.0010

13

Austria

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,z

 

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,

 

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,z

 

Burgenland

0.7655

129

0.8272

125

0.7961

190

0.9692

132

0.9122

286

0.9380

114

0.9380

114

0.9533

119

0.9557

142

Lower Austria

0.7909

108

0.8491

111

0.8904

114

0.9514

181

0.9544

221

0.9321

135

0.9321

135

0.9483

135

0.9505

158

Vienna

0.6938

185

0.7420

187

0.7634

209

0.9368

210

0.9486

237

0.9243

153

0.9243

153

0.9401

154

0.9492

164

Carinthia

0.7533

139

0.8091

140

0.8057

186

0.9488

185

0.9543

222

0.9447

94

0.9447

94

0.9609

94

0.9674

102

Styria

0.7709

123

0.8274

124

0.8382

151

1.0228

35

1.0376

16

0.9522

74

0.9522

74

0.9687

73

0.9736

78

Upper Austria

0.8120

86

0.8806

82

0.9019

102

0.9689

133

0.9695

180

0.9554

60

0.9554

60

0.9722

63

0.9716

85

Salzburg

0.8005

99

0.8798

84

0.9048

98

0.9724

125

0.9825

145

0.9479

87

0.9479

87

0.9628

92

0.9642

109

Tyrol

0.7977

101

0.8821

81

0.8984

106

0.9617

154

0.9673

185

0.9742

26

0.9742

26

0.9893

26

0.9928

45

Vorarlberg

0.8156

80

0.9075

70

0.8947

109

0.9779

110

1.0034

60

0.9329

133

0.9329

133

0.9474

138

0.9513

157

Belgium

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,z

 

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,

 

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,z

 

Brussels Capital Region

0.6327

242

0.6827

237

0.7369

234

0.9327

215

1.0026

66

0.9087

197

0.9087

197

0.9231

200

0.9402

188

Flemish Region

0.7522

140

0.8203

131

0.8691

128

0.9767

116

0.9964

106

0.9541

63

0.9541

63

0.9696

70

0.9712

86

Wallonia

0.6908

190

0.7493

179

0.7484

223

0.9272

220

0.9187

278

0.9087

197

0.9087

197

0.9223

203

0.9240

223

Canada

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,z

 

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,

 

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,z

 

Newfoundland and Labrador

0.8190

77

0.8898

76

0.8832

120

1.0423

27

1.0389

15

0.9847

15

0.9847

15

1.0150

8

1.0084

4

Prince Edward Island

0.7758

118

0.8439

114

0.8559

136

1.3021

5

1.1445

3

0.9526

72

0.9526

72

0.9842

36

0.9753

76

Nova Scotia

0.8028

94

0.8718

95

0.8722

125

1.0467

25

1.0148

26

0.9414

102

0.9414

102

0.9594

99

0.9624

111

New Brunswick

0.7984

100

0.8687

97

0.8656

130

1.0299

30

1.0143

28

0.9479

87

0.9479

87

0.9628

91

0.9676

101

Quebec

0.7505

141

0.8114

138

0.8238

170

1.0095

48

0.9994

96

0.9546

62

0.9546

62

0.9713

65

0.9744

77

Ontario

0.7649

131

0.8271

126

0.8358

154

1.0065

53

1.0033

62

0.9367

121

0.9367

121

0.9534

117

0.9555

146

Manitoba

0.7571

136

0.8187

132

0.8448

145

0.9240

225

0.9292

260

0.9745

25

0.9745

25

0.9918

22

0.9941

40

Saskatchewan

0.8377

59

0.9419

43

0.8652

131

0.9452

192

0.9408

244

0.9255

152

0.9255

152

0.9474

137

0.9269

217

Alberta

0.8541

39

0.9259

53

1.0000

24

0.9936

77

0.9995

95

0.9388

109

0.9388

109

0.9576

103

0.9560

141

British Columbia

0.7668

126

0.8340

119

0.8337

155

1.0534

24

1.0317

17

0.9793

20

0.9793

20

0.9961

20

0.9979

34

Chile

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,z

 

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,

 

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,z

 

Tarapacá

0.6472

226

0.6941

224

0.6512

292

0.8686

298

0.8594

318

0.8399

290

0.8399

290

0.8560

288

0.8410

320

Antofagasta

0.6005

264

0.6458

267

0.6600

285

0.8851

280

0.8912

301

0.8941

231

0.8941

231

0.9104

228

0.9060

261

Atacama

0.5946

268

0.6354

274

0.5990

327

0.8749

290

0.8613

316

0.8620

272

0.8620

272

0.8738

276

0.8643

305

Coquimbo

0.6166

256

0.6589

256

0.6896

264

0.8702

296

0.8716

311

0.9095

196

0.9095

196

0.9226

202

0.9329

204

Valparaíso

0.6151

257

0.6573

257

0.6859

267

0.9121

243

0.9111

289

0.8989

221

0.8989

221

0.9162

215

0.9262

220

O'Higgins

0.6319

243

0.6767

242

0.7168

246

0.8315

314

0.8497

322

0.8255

300

0.8255

300

0.8394

301

0.8714

300

Maule

0.6074

261

0.6511

263

0.7348

237

0.8299

315

0.9137

285

0.8021

316

0.8021

316

0.8277

310

0.8775

292

Bío-Bío

0.5610

300

0.5977

304

0.6741

281

0.8657

301

1.0147

27

0.8320

294

0.8320

294

0.8457

295

0.8720

299

Araucanía

0.6389

236

0.6844

233

0.7981

189

0.8451

312

1.0130

31

0.8408

288

0.8408

288

0.8538

289

0.9116

251

Los Lagos

0.6828

199

0.7349

194

0.9991

35

0.8831

283

0.9995

94

0.8776

250

0.8776

250

0.8903

251

0.9468

168

Aysén

0.7139

163

0.7687

162

0.7221

245

0.8477

311

0.8236

327

0.8956

229

0.8956

229

0.9285

187

0.9140

246

Magallanes y Antártica

0.6696

213

0.7587

171

0.6858

268

0.9633

147

0.8739

310

0.8670

263

0.8670

263

0.8971

246

0.8920

274

Santiago Metropolitan

0.6246

249

0.6694

247

0.6585

287

0.8832

282

0.8915

300

0.8773

251

0.8773

251

0.8923

249

0.8950

269

Czech Republic

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,z

 

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,

 

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,z

 

Prague

0.7764

116

0.8663

99

0.8287

161

0.9832

98

0.9490

236

0.9144

186

0.9144

186

0.9279

189

0.9324

205

Central Bohemian Region

0.7160

162

0.7640

166

0.7457

226

0.9651

144

0.9354

253

0.7992

321

0.7992

321

0.8126

320

0.8150

332

Southwest

0.7070

169

0.7563

172

0.7743

201

0.9761

121

0.9723

175

0.8698

260

0.8698

260

0.8823

263

0.8839

281

Northwest

0.6533

221

0.6948

223

0.6944

259

0.9023

261

0.9101

290

0.9017

212

0.9017

212

0.9141

219

0.9187

235

Northeast

0.6913

189

0.7388

189

0.7623

211

0.9625

150

0.9724

173

0.9171

178

0.9171

178

0.9298

182

0.9315

208

Southeast

0.6944

183

0.7435

185

0.7282

239

0.9680

136

0.9414

243

0.8991

219

0.8991

219

0.9116

225

0.9140

245

Central Moravia

0.6663

214

0.7131

214

0.7240

241

0.9534

177

0.9632

196

0.9235

158

0.9235

158

0.9358

165

0.9408

184

Moravia-Silesia

0.6460

227

0.6890

229

0.6793

274

0.9353

213

0.9375

250

0.8403

289

0.8403

289

0.8523

291

0.8529

312

Denmark

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,z

 

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,

 

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,z

 

Capital (DK)

0.7734

121

0.8250

128

0.8544

137

0.9885

84

0.9997

92

0.9869

12

0.9869

12

1.0037

14

1.0060

7

Zealand

0.7626

133

0.8181

133

0.8244

169

0.9767

115

0.9676

184

0.9614

46

0.9614

46

0.9787

47

0.9783

67

Southern Denmark

0.7487

144

0.7993

147

0.8331

156

0.9762

119

0.9937

114

0.9718

28

0.9718

28

0.9879

27

0.9874

51

Central Jutland

0.7594

134

0.8126

137

0.8429

146

0.9995

67

1.0098

41

0.9834

17

0.9834

17

0.9992

19

0.9995

29

Northern Jutland

0.7680

125

0.8218

130

0.8500

142

1.0015

61

0.9603

205

0.9877

11

0.9877

11

1.0050

11

0.9997

28

Estonia

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,z

 

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,

 

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,z

 

North Estonia

0.7310

154

0.7803

156

0.8899

115

0.9762

120

1.0097

42

0.8735

257

0.8735

257

0.8853

259

0.9143

244

West Estonia

0.6725

210

0.7173

210

0.8143

176

0.9484

186

1.0153

25

0.8293

295

0.8293

295

0.8402

300

0.8670

301

Central Estonia

0.6809

202

0.7264

202

0.8255

165

0.8898

273

0.9624

198

0.8872

240

0.8872

240

0.8995

243

0.9282

214

Northeast Estonia

0.5719

291

0.6077

294

0.6797

273

0.9054

254

0.9324

257

0.7949

324

0.7949

324

0.8063

325

0.8316

326

Southern Estonia

0.6750

208

0.7225

205

0.8255

166

0.9365

211

0.9819

147

0.8481

283

0.8481

283

0.8597

284

0.8868

277

Finland

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,z

 

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,

 

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,z

 

Western Finland

0.7217

159

0.7696

161

0.7668

205

1.0272

31

1.0201

21

0.9608

48

0.9608

48

0.9782

49

0.9841

57

Southern Finland

0.7055

170

0.7554

173

0.7574

218

1.0157

41

1.0117

37

0.9582

52

0.9582

52

0.9766

53

0.9821

63

Eastern and Northern Finland

0.6886

194

0.7348

195

0.7265

240

1.0166

40

1.0280

19

0.9576

55

0.9576

55

0.9743

58

0.9775

68

France

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,z

 

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,

 

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,z

 

Ile de France

0.7033

174

0.7507

178

0.8318

159

1.0013

64

0.9975

104

0.9146

185

0.9146

185

0.9276

191

0.9298

212

Champagne-Ardenne

0.6579

217

0.7037

215

0.7067

250

0.9384

207

0.9458

240

0.8620

271

0.8620

271

0.8750

272

0.8813

286

Picardy

0.6522

222

0.6940

225

0.6931

260

0.9234

226

0.9324

258

0.9018

211

0.9018

211

0.9145

217

0.9203

231

Upper Normandy

0.6559

218

0.6991

220

0.7362

235

0.9546

174

0.9658

187

0.9007

213

0.9007

213

0.9130

220

0.9156

241

Centre (FR)

0.6879

195

0.7324

198

0.7589

217

0.9718

126

0.9534

227

0.8999

217

0.8999

217

0.9124

222

0.9143

243

Lower Normandy

0.7045

172

0.7546

174

0.7600

214

0.9815

103

1.0036

57

0.9168

179

0.9168

179

0.9290

186

0.9356

198

Burgundy

0.6821

200

0.7295

201

0.7230

244

0.9538

176

0.9619

201

0.9197

173

0.9197

173

0.9327

179

0.9356

199

Nord-Pas-de-Calais

0.6182

254

0.6603

253

0.6488

295

0.9153

239

0.9207

272

0.9286

145

0.9286

145

0.9409

150

0.9418

179

Lorraine

0.6535

220

0.6967

221

0.7007

253

0.9478

189

0.9510

234

0.9039

208

0.9039

208

0.9164

214

0.9235

224

Alsace

0.6895

193

0.7366

192

0.7655

206

0.9498

183

0.9520

231

0.9243

154

0.9243

154

0.9374

159

0.9392

191

Franche-Comté

0.6813

201

0.7249

203

0.7352

236

0.9846

93

0.9884

131

0.9313

137

0.9313

137

0.9440

143

0.9497

162

Pays de la Loire

0.7074

168

0.7529

177

0.7685

204

1.0043

59

1.0042

55

0.9256

151

0.9256

151

0.9383

157

0.9432

175

Brittany

0.7173

161

0.7681

163

0.8081

180

0.9992

68

0.9780

159

0.9259

150

0.9259

150

0.9402

153

0.9405

185

Poitou–Charentes

0.6850

197

0.7316

200

0.7412

230

0.9836

96

0.9884

130

0.9144

186

0.9144

186

0.9277

190

0.9341

201

Aquitaine

0.6927

188

0.7384

191

0.7589

216

1.0038

60

1.0037

56

0.9342

130

0.9342

130

0.9482

136

0.9518

156

Midi-Pyrénées

0.7011

176

0.7478

182

0.7544

219

1.0176

38

1.0124

33

0.9332

132

0.9332

132

0.9465

139

0.9529

155

Limousin

0.7100

166

0.7595

170

0.7474

224

0.9953

73

1.0074

48

0.9109

194

0.9109

194

0.9234

198

0.9228

225

Rhône-Alpes

0.7026

175

0.7477

183

0.7627

210

0.9942

76

0.9916

120

0.9474

90

0.9474

90

0.9611

93

0.9652

106

Auvergne

0.6957

181

0.7489

180

0.7457

227

0.9772

114

0.9937

115

0.9380

116

0.9380

116

0.9504

131

0.9573

130

Languedoc-Roussillon

0.6330

241

0.6761

243

0.6833

270

0.9874

90

0.9826

144

0.9162

181

0.9162

181

0.9295

184

0.9303

210

Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur

0.6854

196

0.7328

196

0.7233

243

0.9585

163

0.9724

174

0.9069

204

0.9069

204

0.9202

206

0.9221

229

Corsica

0.5542

305

0.5947

307

0.6042

325

0.9000

265

0.8954

298

0.9866

13

0.9866

13

1.0010

17

1.0017

11

Germany

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,z

 

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,

 

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,z

 

Baden-Württemberg

0.8547

38

0.9504

36

0.9461

79

0.9671

138

0.9515

232

0.9412

103

0.9412

103

0.9540

114

0.9564

137

Bavaria

0.8674

35

0.9866

23

1.0085

16

0.9764

118

0.9811

151

0.9420

100

0.9420

100

0.9555

108

0.9587

126

Berlin

0.7382

151

0.7844

155

0.8066

184

0.9624

151

0.9781

158

0.9326

134

0.9326

134

0.9451

142

0.9469

166

Brandenburg

0.7957

105

0.8517

110

0.8767

123

0.9755

122

0.9738

170

0.9055

207

0.9055

207

0.9173

213

0.9200

233

Bremen

0.7667

127

0.8258

127

0.9585

71

0.9391

205

0.9772

161

0.9412

103

0.9412

103

0.9549

110

0.9773

69

Hamburg

0.8246

70

0.8857

79

1.0065

18

0.9812

104

1.0072

49

0.9528

71

0.9528

71

0.9669

78

0.9891

48

Hesse

0.8095

89

0.8718

96

0.8980

107

0.9747

124

0.9749

168

0.9224

161

0.9224

161

0.9356

167

0.9387

192

Mecklenburg-Vorpommern

0.7483

145

0.8006

146

0.8245

167

1.0011

65

1.0004

74

0.9305

139

0.9305

139

0.9433

147

0.9500

160

Lower Saxony

0.8121

85

0.8791

88

0.8709

126

0.9716

127

0.9604

204

0.9372

118

0.9372

118

0.9499

133

0.9572

131

North Rhine-Westphalia

0.7760

117

0.8328

120

0.8374

152

0.9628

149

0.9527

228

0.9409

107

0.9409

107

0.9542

113

0.9608

119

Rhineland-Palatinate

0.8248

68

0.9048

71

0.8942

110

0.9677

137

0.9590

209

0.9401

108

0.9401

108

0.9534

118

0.9601

121

Saarland

0.7968

103

0.8660

100

0.9971

41

0.9607

156

1.0032

63

0.9238

156

0.9238

156

0.9372

160

0.9589

125

Saxony

0.8014

97

0.8562

106

0.8475

144

1.0111

45

1.0125

32

0.9280

146

0.9280

146

0.9405

151

0.9416

181

Saxony-Anhalt

0.7730

122

0.8291

123

0.8567

135

0.9839

95

0.9880

132

0.9302

143

0.9302

143

0.9426

148

0.9477

165

Schleswig–Holstein

0.8132

84

0.8764

89

0.8651

132

0.9688

134

0.9636

194

0.9581

53

0.9581

53

0.9714

64

0.9736

79

Thuringia

0.8064

90

0.8682

98

0.8995

105

1.0094

49

1.0058

52

0.9337

131

0.9337

131

0.9462

140

0.9547

148

Hungary

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,z

 

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,

 

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,z

 

Central Hungary

0.6403

234

0.6849

231

0.7069

249

0.9421

198

0.9538

225

0.8290

297

0.8290

297

0.8409

297

0.8421

318

Central Transdanubia

0.6265

245

0.6712

246

0.6924

261

0.9045

255

0.9137

284

0.8625

270

0.8625

270

0.8741

275

0.8763

293

Western Transdanubia

0.6404

233

0.6899

228

0.7113

247

0.9095

248

0.9188

277

0.8266

299

0.8266

299

0.8374

302

0.8398

321

Southern Transdanubia

0.5768

288

0.6160

288

0.8321

158

0.8771

289

0.9875

134

0.8647

267

0.8647

267

0.8766

268

0.9602

120

Northern Hungary

0.5461

311

0.5807

320

0.9976

40

0.8738

291

0.9998

91

0.8252

301

0.8252

301

0.8362

304

0.9672

103

Northern Great Plain

0.5524

307

0.5873

314

1.0000

24

0.8640

303

1.0000

78

0.8126

309

0.8126

309

0.8232

314

1.0000

15

Southern Great Plain

0.5802

284

0.6188

285

0.6279

310

0.8796

287

0.8762

308

0.8494

282

0.8494

282

0.8610

282

0.8628

307

Iceland

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,z

 

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,

 

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,z

 

Capital Region

0.8134

83

0.8726

94

0.9039

99

1.1314

11

1.0462

11

0.9764

24

0.9764

24

0.9901

25

0.9990

31

Other Regions

0.8151

82

0.8747

90

0.9286

90

1.5009

1

1.0000

78

0.9656

40

0.9656

40

0.9802

45

1.0000

15

Ireland

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,z

 

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,

 

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,z

 

Border, Midland and Western

0.6807

203

0.7327

197

1.0000

24

0.9478

188

1.0000

78

0.9662

39

0.9662

39

0.9799

46

1.0000

15

Southern and Eastern

0.6898

192

0.7364

193

1.0000

24

0.9598

160

1.0000

78

0.9705

29

0.9705

29

0.9844

35

1.0000

15

Israel

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,z

 

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,

 

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,z

 

Jerusalem District

0.5428

317

0.5815

319

0.8503

140

0.9151

240

1.0000

78

0.9439

96

0.9439

96

0.9599

98

1.0000

15

Northern District

0.5856

280

0.6268

278

0.9781

55

0.8872

278

1.0000

78

0.8564

278

0.8564

278

0.8832

261

1.0000

27

Haifa District

0.6938

186

0.7421

186

0.7738

202

0.9208

232

0.9281

262

0.8970

226

0.8970

226

0.9198

208

0.9285

213

Central District

0.7536

138

0.8068

142

0.8071

183

0.9590

162

0.9684

182

0.9319

136

0.9319

136

0.9505

129

0.9586

127

Tel Aviv District

0.7825

114

0.8381

116

0.8388

149

0.9548

173

0.9649

189

0.9354

126

0.9354

126

0.9591

102

0.9683

96

Southern District

0.6423

229

0.6843

234

0.7053

251

0.9092

251

0.9090

291

0.9363

123

0.9363

123

0.9549

111

0.9557

143

Italy

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,z

 

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,

 

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,z

 

Piedmont

0.6772

205

0.7207

207

0.7235

242

0.9105

245

0.9159

281

0.9224

162

0.9224

162

0.9346

169

0.9416

180

Aosta Valley

0.7115

164

0.7607

167

0.7408

231

0.9975

70

0.9054

294

0.8426

285

0.8426

285

0.8646

280

0.8761

294

Liguria

0.6751

207

0.7192

209

0.7093

248

0.9430

197

0.9543

223

0.9219

164

0.9219

164

0.9339

174

0.9332

203

Lombardy

0.7051

171

0.7531

176

0.7455

228

0.9133

242

0.8911

302

0.8784

248

0.8784

248

0.8907

250

0.8931

271

Abruzzo

0.5984

266

0.6384

272

0.6585

288

0.9572

164

0.9619

200

0.9020

210

0.9020

210

0.9144

218

0.9174

236

Molise

0.5714

292

0.6152

289

0.6845

269

0.9799

106

1.0117

38

0.7976

322

0.7976

322

0.8083

323

0.8247

330

Campania

0.5198

336

0.5411

343

0.5959

330

0.9001

264

0.9929

118

0.8411

287

0.8411

287

0.8520

292

0.9090

258

Apulia

0.5264

329

0.5545

336

0.5689

343

0.9413

200

0.9553

220

0.8443

284

0.8443

284

0.8562

287

0.8641

306

Basilicata

0.5381

319

0.5759

325

0.6062

324

0.9864

91

0.9843

141

0.9004

214

0.9004

214

0.9126

221

0.9220

230

Calabria

0.5316

325

0.5674

329

0.5944

331

0.9083

252

0.9605

203

0.8293

295

0.8293

295

0.8406

299

0.8610

309

Sicily

0.5318

324

0.5659

330

1.0000

24

0.8481

310

1.0000

78

0.8532

279

0.8532

279

0.8651

279

1.0000

15

Sardinia

0.5673

295

0.6074

295

0.6155

319

0.9562

167

0.9642

190

0.9111

192

0.9111

192

0.9234

197

0.9309

209

Province of Bolzano-Bozen

0.7705

124

0.8312

121

0.8475

143

0.9932

78

0.9656

188

0.9302

141

0.9302

141

0.9434

146

0.9553

147

Province of Trento

0.7109

165

0.7598

169

0.7488

222

0.9777

111

0.9567

215

0.9302

141

0.9302

141

0.9435

145

0.9456

172

Veneto

0.6982

178

0.7487

181

0.7810

199

0.9617

155

0.9727

171

0.8848

243

0.8848

243

0.8972

245

0.8989

264

Friuli-Venezia Giulia

0.7040

173

0.7543

175

0.7612

212

0.9209

231

0.8955

297

0.9216

165

0.9216

165

0.9344

171

0.9373

195

Emilia–Romagna

0.7235

158

0.7717

159

0.7690

203

0.9605

158

0.9348

254

0.8736

256

0.8736

256

0.8856

258

0.8878

276

Tuscany

0.6930

187

0.7385

190

0.7816

198

0.9652

143

0.9659

186

0.8891

238

0.8891

238

0.9012

242

0.9034

262

Umbria

0.6593

215

0.7022

217

0.6946

258

0.9694

131

0.9808

154

0.8167

307

0.8167

307

0.8286

309

0.8312

327

Marche

0.6758

206

0.7206

208

0.7505

221

1.0125

43

1.0120

36

0.8615

273

0.8615

273

0.8727

277

0.8758

295

Lazio

0.6384

238

0.6805

240

0.6684

282

0.9646

145

0.9641

191

0.9076

202

0.9076

202

0.9196

210

0.9199

234

Japan

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,z

 

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,

 

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,z

 

Hokkaido

0.8035

93

0.8645

102

0.9277

91

1.0213

37

1.0107

40

0.8655

264

0.8655

264

0.8771

267

0.8862

278

Tohoku

0.8529

41

0.9187

60

1.0022

21

1.0000

66

0.9938

113

0.8655

265

0.8655

265

0.8766

269

0.8860

279

Northern-Kanto, Koshin

0.8702

33

0.9381

48

0.9670

65

0.9882

86

0.9861

136

0.9133

189

0.9133

189

0.9259

193

0.9266

219

Southern-Kanto

0.8480

47

0.9124

66

0.9021

101

1.0105

46

1.0090

43

0.8827

246

0.8827

246

0.8943

248

0.8953

267

Hokuriku

0.9029

21

0.9807

25

0.9595

70

0.9975

72

0.9910

121

0.8703

259

0.8703

259

0.8825

262

0.8820

283

Toukai

0.8783

26

0.9612

30

0.9497

76

1.0058

55

1.0076

46

0.8932

233

0.8932

233

0.9055

236

0.9090

257

Kansai region

0.8319

62

0.9012

72

0.9384

83

1.0083

51

0.9984

101

0.8969

227

0.8969

227

0.9093

232

0.9121

250

Chugoku

0.8719

32

0.9477

38

0.9310

88

1.0083

52

1.0036

58

0.8746

255

0.8746

255

0.8862

257

0.8858

280

Shikoku

0.8494

44

0.9129

65

0.9985

39

0.9659

139

0.9810

152

0.8706

258

0.8706

258

0.8821

264

0.8927

273

Kyushu, Okinawa

0.8210

73

0.8800

83

1.0010

23

0.9750

123

1.0032

64

0.8862

242

0.8862

242

0.8985

244

0.9171

237

South Korea

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,z

 

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,

 

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,z

 

Capital Region (KR)

0.7001

177

0.7601

168

0.7953

192

0.9992

69

1.0070

50

0.8003

320

0.8003

320

0.8123

321

0.8136

334

Gyeongnam Region

0.6973

179

0.7849

154

0.8075

182

1.0173

39

1.0022

69

0.7899

326

0.7899

326

0.8022

327

0.8317

325

Gyeonbuk Region

0.7372

152

0.8023

145

0.8517

139

0.9924

79

1.0056

53

0.7375

341

0.7375

341

0.7499

341

0.7512

347

Jeolla Region

0.7415

148

0.8341

118

0.9052

97

0.9822

100

0.9951

111

0.7703

334

0.7703

334

0.7821

334

0.7838

343

Chungcheong Region

0.7308

155

0.7992

148

0.8279

162

0.9777

112

0.9719

177

0.7958

323

0.7958

323

0.8074

324

0.8389

322

Gangwon Region

0.6941

184

0.7756

158

0.8005

188

0.9827

99

0.9747

169

0.7584

338

0.7584

338

0.7700

338

0.7966

340

Jeju

0.7911

107

0.9147

64

0.9496

77

0.9878

88

0.9854

137

0.7748

330

0.7748

330

0.7865

332

0.8141

333

Luxembourg

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,z

 

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,

 

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,z

 

Luxembourg

0.7345

153

0.7956

150

0.8225

171

1.0440

26

1.0447

13

0.8889

239

0.8889

239

0.9037

239

0.9410

183

Mexico

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,z

 

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,

 

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,z

 

Aguascalientes

0.5774

287

0.6183

286

0.6587

286

0.8016

319

0.8444

324

0.8182

306

0.8182

306

0.8478

293

0.8423

317

Baja California Norte

0.5999

265

0.6437

269

0.6790

276

0.7045

340

0.7068

343

0.8366

291

0.8366

291

0.8595

285

0.8666

302

Baja California Sur

0.6352

239

0.6820

238

0.6412

300

0.7988

322

0.7941

333

0.9500

82

0.9500

82

0.9783

48

0.9688

93

Campeche

0.6023

262

0.6573

258

0.7324

238

0.7869

323

0.7882

334

1.0000

1

1.0000

1

1.0382

1

1.0040

9

Coahuila

0.6076

260

0.6538

261

1.0000

24

0.6904

342

0.8894

304

0.7899

325

0.7899

325

0.8169

318

0.9025

263

Colima

0.6507

223

0.6967

222

0.6947

257

0.6817

347

0.6850

347

0.8578

276

0.8578

276

0.8751

271

0.8795

289

Chiapas

0.5218

334

0.5819

318

0.9942

45

0.7314

334

1.0000

78

0.8013

318

0.8013

318

0.8251

313

1.0000

15

Chihuahua

0.5905

274

0.6507

265

0.7460

225

0.6170

350

0.6178

351

0.9192

174

0.9192

174

0.9346

170

0.9395

190

Federal District (MX)

0.6218

250

0.6638

252

0.6619

283

0.7574

329

0.7495

337

0.9152

183

0.9152

183

0.9437

144

0.9600

122

Durango

0.5611

299

0.6015

301

0.6490

294

0.6865

345

0.6927

346

0.8626

269

0.8626

269

0.8863

256

0.8755

296

Guanajuato

0.5878

277

0.6325

277

0.9956

42

0.7264

335

0.9198

274

0.8012

319

0.8012

319

0.8299

307

0.9970

35

Guerrero

0.5933

270

0.6847

232

1.0000

24

0.6055

351

0.6272

350

0.7724

332

0.7724

332

0.7905

330

0.8413

319

Hidalgo

0.5866

278

0.6335

276

0.7819

197

0.7608

326

0.7962

332

0.7774

328

0.7774

328

0.7974

328

0.8462

316

Jalisco

0.6015

263

0.6468

266

0.6397

301

0.7152

337

0.7203

341

0.8808

247

0.8808

247

0.9100

229

0.9157

240

Mexico

0.5774

286

0.6193

284

1.0000

24

0.7080

339

1.0000

78

0.8582

275

0.8582

275

0.8835

260

1.0000

15

Michoacan

0.5913

272

0.6416

271

0.8622

133

0.6897

343

0.7127

342

0.9034

209

0.9034

209

0.9362

162

0.9989

33

Morelos

0.5889

276

0.6341

275

0.7001

255

0.6642

348

0.6738

348

0.9128

190

0.9128

190

0.9253

194

0.9356

200

Nayarit

0.6196

252

0.6602

254

0.7038

252

0.7220

336

0.7279

338

0.8837

245

0.8837

245

0.9091

233

0.8951

268

Nuevo Leon

0.6095

259

0.6527

262

0.6413

299

0.7346

333

0.7248

339

0.9063

205

0.9063

205

0.9327

178

0.9531

152

Oaxaca

0.5932

271

0.6511

264

1.0000

24

0.6876

344

0.9847

139

0.8283

298

0.8283

298

0.8572

286

0.9544

150

Puebla

0.5967

267

0.6427

270

0.9985

38

0.7409

331

0.9892

127

0.8104

311

0.8104

311

0.8371

303

0.9939

43

Queretaro

0.5336

323

0.5790

322

0.9948

44

0.7604

327

0.9902

124

0.8984

223

0.8984

223

0.9260

192

1.0000

15

Quintana Roo

0.6209

251

0.6644

251

0.6251

312

0.7781

324

0.7733

336

1.0000

1

1.0000

1

1.0276

4

1.0024

10

San Luis Potosi

0.5905

273

0.6443

268

0.8708

127

0.7457

330

0.7852

335

0.7742

331

0.7742

331

0.8051

326

0.8573

310

Sinaloa

0.5819

283

0.6227

282

0.6324

303

0.6604

349

0.6603

349

0.9292

144

0.9292

144

0.9631

89

0.9617

114

Sonora

0.6385

237

0.6837

235

0.6418

298

0.7102

338

0.7065

344

0.9190

175

0.9190

175

0.9523

123

0.9411

182

Tabasco

0.5463

310

0.5859

317

0.6389

302

0.7584

328

0.8022

331

0.8934

232

0.8934

232

0.9079

235

0.9223

227

Tamaulipas

0.5934

269

0.6367

273

0.6610

284

0.6995

341

0.6995

345

0.9410

106

0.9410

106

0.9748

55

0.9760

74

Tlaxcala

0.5826

281

0.6231

281

0.7005

254

0.7651

325

0.8042

330

0.8922

236

0.8922

236

0.9201

207

0.9620

112

Veracruz

0.5392

318

0.6001

302

0.9078

95

0.7408

332

0.8201

329

0.8190

304

0.8190

304

0.8407

298

0.9492

163

Yucatan

0.6398

235

0.7033

216

0.8211

172

0.8594

304

0.8599

317

1.0000

1

1.0000

1

1.0306

3

1.0080

5

Zacatecas

0.5524

306

0.5988

303

0.7649

207

0.6821

346

0.7212

340

0.9074

203

0.9074

203

0.9192

211

0.9531

153

Norway

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,z

 

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,

 

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,z

 

Oslo and Akershus

0.8479

49

0.9411

45

0.9307

89

1.0702

22

1.0412

14

0.9624

45

0.9624

45

0.9814

41

0.9856

55

Hedmark and Oppland

0.8283

67

0.9536

33

0.9666

66

1.0744

19

1.1343

4

0.9538

64

0.9538

64

0.9700

68

0.9765

73

South-Eastern Norway

0.8024

96

0.8919

75

0.9016

103

1.0051

57

1.0135

30

0.9700

30

0.9700

30

0.9878

28

0.9947

38

Agder and Rogaland

0.8475

51

0.9797

26

0.9924

46

1.0782

16

0.9951

110

0.9536

67

0.9536

67

0.9738

60

0.9734

82

Western Norway

0.8453

54

1.0063

17

0.9767

57

1.0269

32

1.0001

76

0.9563

58

0.9563

58

0.9737

61

0.9697

91

Trøndelag

0.8300

64

0.9711

28

0.8500

141

1.4655

3

1.0113

39

0.9831

18

0.9831

18

1.0012

16

0.9895

47

Northern Norway

0.8197

75

0.9354

49

0.9377

84

1.0757

17

1.0008

72

0.9361

124

0.9361

124

0.9593

101

0.9580

128

Poland

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,z

 

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,

 

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,z

 

Lodzkie

0.6953

182

0.7419

188

0.7395

232

0.9092

250

0.9153

282

0.8779

249

0.8779

249

0.8902

252

0.8957

266

Mazovia

0.6964

180

0.7437

184

0.7412

229

0.9541

175

0.9581

210

0.8894

237

0.8894

237

0.9018

240

0.9077

259

Lesser Poland

0.5666

296

0.6031

298

0.6078

322

0.9554

171

0.9630

197

0.8923

235

0.8923

235

0.9044

238

0.9103

254

Silesia

0.5856

279

0.6241

280

0.6286

308

0.9474

190

0.9560

218

0.8754

254

0.8754

254

0.8871

254

0.8932

270

Lublin Province

0.6340

240

0.6727

244

0.6885

265

0.9222

228

0.9235

268

0.9082

200

0.9082

200

0.9206

205

0.9221

228

Podkarpacia

0.5294

327

0.5599

334

0.5719

340

0.9652

142

0.9756

164

0.9001

216

0.9001

216

0.9121

223

0.9136

247

Swietokrzyskie

0.6262

247

0.6663

250

0.6793

275

0.9170

237

0.9177

280

0.8687

261

0.8687

261

0.8802

265

0.8819

284

Podlasie

0.5735

290

0.6086

292

0.6234

314

0.9361

212

0.9392

249

0.8972

225

0.8972

225

0.9097

231

0.9110

252

Greater Poland

0.5605

301

0.6017

300

0.5970

329

0.9567

166

0.9623

199

0.9001

215

0.9001

215

0.9119

224

0.9169

239

West Pomerania

0.5314

326

0.5685

328

0.5717

341

0.9222

229

0.9279

265

0.9235

158

0.9235

158

0.9360

164

0.9404

187

Lubusz

0.5636

297

0.6031

297

0.5978

328

0.9170

236

0.9223

270

0.8628

268

0.8628

268

0.8745

273

0.8780

291

Lower Silesia

0.5542

304

0.5912

310

0.5887

336

0.9481

187

0.9534

226

0.8591

274

0.8591

274

0.8709

278

0.8754

297

Opole region

0.5555

302

0.5963

306

0.5911

332

0.9391

206

0.9447

241

0.8650

266

0.8650

266

0.8764

270

0.8816

285

Kuyavian-Pomerania

0.5375

320

0.5707

327

0.5902

334

0.9326

216

0.9333

256

0.8991

220

0.8991

220

0.9113

226

0.9133

248

Warmian-Masuria

0.5262

330

0.5654

331

0.5842

338

0.9093

249

0.9112

288

0.8985

222

0.8985

222

0.9110

227

0.9129

249

Pomerania

0.5707

294

0.6080

293

0.6281

309

0.9597

161

0.9600

206

0.8754

253

0.8754

253

0.8868

255

0.8892

275

Portugal

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,z

 

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,

 

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,z

 

North (PT)

0.6445

228

0.6856

230

0.7882

195

0.9045

256

1.0033

61

0.8322

293

0.8322

293

0.8435

296

0.8750

298

Algarve

0.6901

191

0.7320

199

0.8330

157

0.8797

286

0.9570

214

0.8094

313

0.8094

313

0.8203

316

0.8508

314

Central Portugal

0.7242

157

0.7708

160

0.8959

108

0.8880

277

0.9687

181

0.8365

292

0.8365

292

0.8472

294

0.8792

290

Lisbon

0.6830

198

0.7245

204

0.8305

160

0.9229

227

1.0075

47

0.8494

281

0.8494

281

0.8607

283

0.8928

272

Alentejo

0.6722

211

0.7147

212

0.8245

168

0.8882

276

0.9926

119

0.7866

327

0.7866

327

0.7973

329

0.8268

329

Azores (PT)

0.6179

255

0.6567

260

0.7536

220

0.8715

292

1.0302

18

0.8760

252

0.8760

252

0.8879

253

0.9202

232

Madeira (PT)

0.6295

244

0.6671

249

0.6914

262

0.8709

294

0.9906

122

0.8014

317

0.8014

317

0.8120

322

0.8377

323

Slovakia

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,z

 

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,

 

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,z

 

Bratislava Region

0.7406

150

0.7907

153

0.8161

175

0.9621

152

0.9777

160

0.8838

244

0.8838

244

0.8969

247

0.8987

265

West Slovakia

0.6195

253

0.6592

255

0.6741

280

0.9459

191

0.9596

208

0.8674

262

0.8674

262

0.8795

266

0.8826

282

Central Slovakia

0.5801

285

0.6147

290

0.6309

305

0.9206

233

0.9337

255

0.8961

228

0.8961

228

0.9087

234

0.9109

253

East Slovakia

0.5555

303

0.5866

316

0.5859

337

0.9349

214

0.9395

248

0.8929

234

0.8929

234

0.9048

237

0.9091

256

Slovenia

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,z

 

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,

 

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,z

 

Eastern Slovenia

0.6422

230

0.6829

236

0.6754

278

0.9117

244

0.9190

276

0.8974

224

0.8974

224

0.9098

230

0.9099

255

Western Slovenia

0.6700

212

0.7135

213

0.7376

233

0.9433

196

0.9539

224

0.9079

201

0.9079

201

0.9198

209

0.9227

226

Spain

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,z

 

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,

 

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,z

 

Galicia

0.6264

246

0.6721

245

0.6535

289

0.9776

113

0.9934

116

0.9122

191

0.9122

191

0.9243

195

0.9271

216

Asturias

0.6138

258

0.6570

259

0.6432

297

0.9680

135

0.9904

123

0.9412

105

0.9412

105

0.9539

115

0.9569

135

Cantabria

0.6256

248

0.6673

248

0.6530

290

0.9834

97

0.9861

135

0.9930

7

0.9930

7

1.0061

10

1.0062

6

Basque Country

0.6749

209

0.7170

211

0.7954

191

1.0607

23

1.0651

6

0.9613

47

0.9613

47

0.9745

56

0.9768

71

Navarra

0.6780

204

0.7222

206

0.7598

215

1.0052

56

0.9818

149

0.9777

22

0.9777

22

0.9917

23

0.9939

42

La Rioja

0.6590

216

0.7020

218

0.6898

263

1.1576

8

1.1982

1

0.8202

303

0.8202

303

0.8320

306

0.8341

324

Aragon

0.6490

224

0.6935

226

0.6814

272

0.9786

107

0.9884

129

0.9109

193

0.9109

193

0.9240

196

0.9278

215

Madrid

0.6552

219

0.6914

227

0.6960

256

1.0706

21

1.0467

10

0.9270

148

0.9270

148

0.9399

155

0.9467

169

Castile and León

0.6488

225

0.6992

219

0.6880

266

0.9920

80

0.9770

162

0.9219

163

0.9219

163

0.9343

172

0.9332

202

Castile-La Mancha

0.5739

289

0.6107

291

0.7609

213

0.9709

128

1.0000

78

0.9436

97

0.9436

97

0.9564

105

0.9833

60

Extremadura

0.5825

282

0.6224

283

0.6522

291

0.9403

203

1.0063

51

0.9463

93

0.9463

93

0.9593

100

0.9823

62

Catalonia

0.6417

231

0.6790

241

0.6744

279

0.9701

130

0.9753

165

0.9085

199

0.9085

199

0.9208

204

0.9252

221

Valencia

0.5897

275

0.6245

279

0.6442

296

0.9488

184

0.9705

178

0.9203

172

0.9203

172

0.9327

180

0.9423

178

Balearic Islands

0.6408

232

0.6806

239

0.6507

293

0.9520

179

0.9851

138

0.9160

182

0.9160

182

0.9296

183

0.9170

238

Andalusia

0.5443

316

0.5792

321

0.6108

320

0.9304

217

1.0001

77

0.9205

171

0.9205

171

0.9332

176

0.9561

139

Murcia

0.5712

293

0.6025

299

0.6773

277

0.9629

148

0.9792

155

0.9549

61

0.9549

61

0.9679

75

0.9940

41

Ceuta

0.5141

341

0.5312

345

0.9768

56

0.8818

285

0.9999

90

0.9769

23

0.9769

23

0.9902

24

1.0000

15

Melilla

0.5149

340

0.5303

346

0.5160

351

0.9041

258

0.9014

296

0.9688

32

0.9688

32

0.9815

40

0.9696

92

Canary Islands

0.5346

322

0.5622

332

0.6004

326

0.9406

201

1.0001

75

0.9264

149

0.9264

149

0.9394

156

0.9570

133

Sweden

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,z

 

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,

 

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,z

 

Stockholm

0.8155

81

0.8734

92

0.8687

129

1.0220

36

1.0121

35

0.9388

109

0.9388

109

0.9562

106

0.9615

116

East Middle Sweden

0.7656

128

0.8179

134

0.8137

177

1.0240

33

1.0173

22

0.9367

121

0.9367

121

0.9528

122

0.9591

124

Småland with Islands

0.8044

92

0.8589

105

0.8387

150

1.0981

15

1.0005

73

0.9568

56

0.9568

56

0.9770

51

0.9705

88

South Sweden

0.7467

146

0.7937

152

0.7851

196

0.9943

75

1.0079

45

0.9538

66

0.9538

66

0.9710

66

0.9734

81

West Sweden

0.7930

106

0.8452

113

0.8423

147

1.0234

34

1.0124

34

0.9498

83

0.9498

83

0.9663

81

0.9719

83

North Middle Sweden

0.7581

135

0.8099

139

0.7647

208

1.0329

29

0.9824

146

0.9536

68

0.9536

68

0.9681

74

0.9569

134

Central Norrland

0.7858

112

0.8380

117

0.8784

122

1.2006

7

1.0016

70

0.9236

157

0.9236

157

0.9459

141

0.9457

171

Upper Norrland

0.7735

120

0.8241

129

0.7805

200

1.1086

13

1.0014

71

0.9344

129

0.9344

129

0.9530

121

0.9404

186

Switzerland

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,z

 

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,

 

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,z

 

Lake Geneva Region

0.7646

132

0.8174

135

0.8058

185

0.9603

159

0.9640

192

0.9579

54

0.9579

54

0.9744

57

0.9766

72

Espace Mittelland

0.8513

42

0.9122

67

0.9078

96

0.9439

194

0.9481

238

0.9686

33

0.9686

33

0.9847

33

0.9868

53

Northwestern Switzerland

0.8480

48

0.9094

68

0.9194

93

0.9786

109

0.9786

157

0.9675

37

0.9675

37

0.9827

39

0.9867

54

Zurich

0.8778

28

0.9436

41

0.9713

60

1.0046

58

1.0023

68

0.9654

41

0.9654

41

0.9872

29

0.9964

36

Eastern Switzerland

0.8732

31

0.9417

44

0.9328

85

0.9702

129

0.9751

167

0.9848

14

0.9848

14

1.0042

13

1.0045

8

Central Switzerland

0.8859

24

0.9518

34

0.9596

69

0.9816

102

0.9842

142

0.9835

16

0.9835

16

1.0043

12

0.9989

32

Ticino

0.7557

137

0.8087

141

0.8397

148

1.0416

28

1.0154

24

0.9213

167

0.9213

167

0.9404

152

0.9498

161

Turkey

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,z

 

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,

 

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,z

 

Istanbul

0.5128

342

0.5426

341

0.5670

344

0.8830

284

0.9060

293

0.7584

339

0.7584

339

0.7688

339

0.8001

339

Thrace

0.5517

308

0.5888

312

0.6231

315

0.9007

263

0.9275

266

0.7359

342

0.7359

342

0.7493

342

0.8085

335

Southern Marmara—West

0.5364

321

0.5942

308

0.6265

311

0.8941

271

0.9181

279

0.8100

312

0.8100

312

0.8210

315

0.8523

313

Izmir

0.5155

339

0.5498

339

0.5658

346

0.8941

270

0.8792

306

0.7346

343

0.7346

343

0.7448

343

0.7462

349

Southern Aegean

0.5453

312

0.5868

315

0.6170

318

0.8845

281

0.9086

292

0.7681

336

0.7681

336

0.7784

336

0.8072

336

Northern Aegean

0.5451

313

0.6166

287

0.6832

271

0.8893

274

0.8707

312

0.7439

340

0.7439

340

0.7546

340

0.7563

346

Eastern Marmara—South

0.5278

328

0.5762

324

0.6078

323

0.8946

268

0.9216

271

0.8116

310

0.8116

310

0.8252

312

0.8807

288

Eastern Marmara—North

0.5251

332

0.5595

335

0.5909

333

0.8942

269

0.9152

283

0.8075

314

0.8075

314

0.8184

317

0.8485

315

Ankara

0.5199

335

0.5524

337

0.5707

342

0.9022

262

0.8891

305

0.8135

308

0.8135

308

0.8255

311

0.8271

328

Central Anatolia—West and South

0.5243

333

0.5776

323

0.6250

313

0.8710

293

0.8543

320

0.7711

333

0.7711

333

0.7821

333

0.7838

344

Mediterranean region—West

0.5481

309

0.5882

313

0.6171

317

0.8777

288

0.9036

295

0.7627

337

0.7627

337

0.7733

337

0.8071

337

Mediterranean region—Middle

0.5056

346

0.5353

344

0.5568

348

0.8378

313

0.8240

326

0.7233

345

0.7233

345

0.7349

345

0.7359

350

Mediterranean region—East

0.4971

347

0.5174

348

0.5270

350

0.8486

309

0.8704

313

0.6680

348

0.6680

348

0.6770

349

0.6994

351

Central Anatolia—Middle

0.5165

338

0.5599

333

0.5901

335

0.8526

308

0.8363

325

0.7697

335

0.7697

335

0.7802

335

0.7822

345

Central Anatolia—East

0.5083

343

0.5419

342

0.5614

347

0.8702

295

0.8944

299

0.7332

344

0.7332

344

0.7445

344

0.7885

342

Western Black Sea—West

0.5448

314

0.5964

305

0.6310

304

0.8865

279

0.8700

314

0.8515

280

0.8515

280

0.8628

281

0.8654

303

Western Black Sea—Middle and East

0.5634

298

0.6048

296

0.6295

307

0.8677

299

0.8523

321

0.8027

315

0.8027

315

0.8141

319

0.8166

331

Middle Black Sea

0.5193

337

0.5719

326

0.6081

321

0.8697

297

0.8554

319

0.7762

329

0.7762

329

0.7875

331

0.7890

341

Eastern Black Sea

0.5448

315

0.5898

311

0.6186

316

0.8662

300

0.8479

323

0.8413

286

0.8413

286

0.8527

290

0.8550

311

Northeastern Anatolia—West

0.5059

344

0.5505

338

0.5730

339

0.8572

307

0.8775

307

0.8242

302

0.8242

302

0.8351

305

0.8649

304

Northeastern Anatolia—East

0.5258

331

0.5917

309

0.6301

306

0.8015

320

0.8217

328

0.8185

305

0.8185

305

0.8292

308

0.8610

308

Eastern Anatolia—West

0.5057

345

0.5464

340

0.5669

345

0.8578

306

0.8748

309

0.6635

349

0.6635

349

0.6847

348

0.7467

348

Eastern Anatolia—East

0.4915

348

0.5150

349

1.0000

24

0.8113

318

1.0000

78

0.7176

346

0.7176

346

0.7273

346

1.0000

15

Southeastern Anatolia—West

0.4910

349

0.5262

347

0.9735

58

0.8215

317

0.9494

235

0.6543

350

0.6543

350

0.6643

350

0.8807

287

Southeastern Anatolia—Middle

0.4896

351

0.5075

350

0.9034

100

0.8006

321

1.0000

78

0.5937

351

0.5937

351

0.6033

351

0.9437

174

Southeastern Anatolia—East

0.4897

350

0.5027

351

0.5446

349

0.8254

316

0.9511

233

0.6954

347

0.6954

347

0.7044

347

0.8044

338

United Kingdom

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,z

 

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,

 

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,z

 

North East England

0.7272

156

0.7789

157

0.7919

193

0.9607

157

0.9895

126

0.9213

166

0.9213

166

0.9339

175

0.9361

197

North West England

0.7413

149

0.7951

151

0.7884

194

0.9531

178

0.9752

166

0.9425

98

0.9425

98

0.9559

107

0.9561

140

Yorkshire and The Humber

0.7460

147

0.7982

149

0.8187

174

0.9571

165

0.9817

150

0.9565

57

0.9565

57

0.9696

69

0.9719

84

East Midlands

0.7838

113

0.8422

115

0.8265

164

0.9849

92

0.9944

112

0.9501

81

0.9501

81

0.9634

88

0.9634

110

West Midlands

0.7493

143

0.8024

144

0.8273

163

0.9549

172

0.9818

148

0.9498

85

0.9498

85

0.9630

90

0.9650

108

East of England

0.8196

76

0.8794

85

0.8867

117

0.9658

140

0.9610

202

0.9468

92

0.9468

92

0.9601

97

0.9666

105

Greater London

0.7745

119

0.8293

122

0.8196

173

0.9975

71

0.9900

125

0.9278

147

0.9278

147

0.9413

149

0.9424

177

South East England

0.8283

66

0.8924

74

0.9122

94

1.0014

63

0.9972

105

0.9388

112

0.9388

112

0.9521

124

0.9556

144

South West England

0.8198

74

0.8791

87

0.8760

124

0.9945

74

0.9809

153

0.9503

80

0.9503

80

0.9636

86

0.9704

89

Wales

0.7504

142

0.8044

143

0.8125

178

0.9640

146

0.9983

102

0.9474

90

0.9474

90

0.9603

96

0.9612

118

Scotland

0.7652

130

0.8164

136

0.8084

179

0.9557

169

0.9563

217

0.9635

44

0.9635

44

0.9772

50

0.9794

64

Northern Ireland

0.7173

160

0.7640

165

0.8009

187

0.9560

168

0.9681

183

0.9536

69

0.9536

69

0.9671

76

0.9736

80

United States

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,z

 

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,

 

CI r

 

CI r m

 

CI r m,z

 

Alabama

0.8457

52

0.9241

54

0.9810

51

0.8885

275

0.9284

261

0.9587

50

0.9587

50

0.9753

54

0.9839

58

Alaska

0.8335

61

0.9475

40

0.9318

86

0.9875

89

0.9566

216

0.9369

120

0.9369

120

0.9500

132

0.9376

194

Arizona

0.7958

104

0.8622

103

0.9605

67

0.9168

238

0.9959

108

0.9098

195

0.9098

195

0.9233

199

0.9468

167

Arkansas

0.8284

65

0.9090

69

0.9953

43

0.8919

272

0.9572

213

0.9189

176

0.9189

176

0.9331

177

0.9565

136

California

0.7969

102

0.8886

77

0.8845

119

0.9267

221

0.9405

245

0.9490

86

0.9490

86

0.9655

83

0.9771

70

Colorado

0.8801

25

0.9673

29

0.8921

112

0.9803

105

0.9792

156

0.9522

74

0.9522

74

0.9689

71

0.9529

154

Connecticut

0.9342

13

1.0637

9

1.0515

6

0.9819

101

0.9931

117

0.8865

241

0.8865

241

0.9018

241

0.9068

260

Delaware

0.9140

16

0.9969

19

1.0010

22

0.9379

209

0.9358

252

0.9992

6

0.9992

6

1.0272

5

1.0238

1

District of Columbia

1.0000

1

1.2828

1

1.0737

3

0.8588

305

0.8639

315

0.9377

117

0.9377

117

0.9513

128

0.9600

123

Florida

0.8448

55

0.9174

62

0.9719

59

0.9506

182

0.9892

128

0.9383

113

0.9383

113

0.9520

125

0.9614

117

Georgia

0.8049

91

0.8792

86

0.9228

92

0.9042

257

0.9279

264

0.9165

180

0.9165

180

0.9315

181

0.9400

189

Hawaii

0.8174

78

0.9394

47

0.8528

138

1.0733

20

1.0025

67

0.9922

8

0.9922

8

1.0080

9

0.9929

44

Idaho

0.8377

58

0.9203

58

0.9419

82

0.9842

94

1.0265

20

0.8565

277

0.8565

277

0.8744

274

0.9268

218

Illinois

0.8453

53

0.9212

56

0.9522

74

0.9203

234

0.9202

273

0.9380

115

0.9380

115

0.9514

127

0.9546

149

Indiana

0.8498

43

0.9224

55

0.9450

81

0.9104

247

0.9121

287

0.9206

170

0.9206

170

0.9347

168

0.9429

176

Iowa

0.9415

11

1.0271

15

0.9985

37

0.9889

83

0.9879

133

0.9595

49

0.9595

49

0.9768

52

0.9789

66

Kansas

0.9021

22

0.9883

21

1.0437

8

0.9436

195

0.9433

242

0.9691

31

0.9691

31

0.9846

34

0.9868

52

Kentucky

0.8241

71

0.9010

73

0.9782

54

0.9257

222

0.9987

99

0.9208

168

0.9208

168

0.9357

166

0.9619

113

Louisiana

0.8157

79

0.8874

78

1.0042

19

0.8643

302

0.9599

207

0.9306

138

0.9306

138

0.9504

130

0.9991

30

Maine

0.9464

10

1.0366

13

1.0302

10

1.0090

50

1.0080

44

0.9152

184

0.9152

184

0.9280

188

0.9323

206

Maryland

0.9281

14

1.0334

14

1.0098

14

0.9219

230

0.9274

267

0.9683

34

0.9683

34

0.9832

37

0.9875

50

Massachusetts

0.9245

15

1.0427

12

1.0421

9

1.0059

54

0.9991

98

0.9536

69

0.9536

69

0.9671

77

0.9678

99

Michigan

0.8533

40

0.9314

50

0.9512

75

0.9282

219

0.9319

259

0.9678

36

0.9678

36

0.9811

42

0.9904

46

Minnesota

0.9395

12

1.0442

11

1.0237

11

0.9919

81

0.9996

93

0.9514

77

0.9514

77

0.9688

72

0.9755

75

Mississippi

0.7858

111

0.8545

107

0.9461

78

0.8995

266

0.9960

107

0.9681

35

0.9681

35

0.9830

38

1.0013

12

Missouri

0.8763

30

0.9563

32

0.9568

72

0.9254

223

0.9225

269

0.8956

230

0.8956

230

0.9175

212

0.9156

242

Montana (US)

0.9122

17

1.0000

18

1.0081

17

0.9901

82

1.0028

65

0.9525

73

0.9525

73

0.9653

84

0.9881

49

Nebraska

0.9582

7

1.1185

5

1.0797

1

0.9555

170

0.9521

229

0.9443

95

0.9443

95

0.9743

59

0.9683

97

Nevada

0.7892

109

0.8532

108

0.9693

63

0.9026

260

0.9701

179

0.9232

160

0.9232

160

0.9362

163

0.9562

138

New Hampshire

0.9623

6

1.0764

8

1.0691

4

1.0130

42

1.0167

23

0.9734

27

0.9734

27

0.9863

30

0.9944

39

New Jersey

0.8933

23

1.0174

16

1.0134

12

0.9446

193

0.9399

247

0.9059

206

0.9059

206

0.9227

201

0.9244

222

New Mexico

0.7804

115

0.8531

109

0.9314

87

0.9078

253

0.9843

140

0.9345

128

0.9345

128

0.9488

134

0.9710

87

New York

0.8476

50

0.9750

27

0.9600

68

0.9421

199

0.9553

219

0.9369

119

0.9369

119

0.9516

126

0.9616

115

North Carolina

0.8347

60

0.9169

63

0.9918

47

0.9297

218

0.9985

100

0.9350

127

0.9350

127

0.9536

116

0.9672

104

North Dakota

1.0000

1

1.2110

3

1.0088

15

0.9884

85

0.9769

163

0.9561

59

0.9561

59

0.9855

31

0.9686

94

Ohio

0.8767

29

0.9611

31

0.9844

50

0.9397

204

0.9399

246

0.9586

51

0.9586

51

0.9723

62

0.9790

65

Oklahoma

0.8493

45

0.9432

42

1.0132

13

0.8979

267

0.9280

263

0.9238

155

0.9238

155

0.9377

158

0.9467

170

Oregon

0.8096

88

0.8745

91

0.8941

111

1.0121

44

1.0035

59

0.9141

188

0.9141

188

0.9293

185

0.9317

207

Pennsylvania

0.9051

19

0.9867

22

0.9987

36

0.9382

208

0.9365

251

0.9415

101

0.9415

101

0.9553

109

0.9572

132

Rhode Island

0.8653

36

0.9400

46

0.9542

73

0.9619

153

0.9575

212

0.9791

21

0.9791

21

0.9947

21

0.9962

37

South Carolina

0.8489

46

0.9292

51

0.9806

52

0.9105

246

0.9471

239

0.9304

140

0.9304

140

0.9605

95

0.9368

196

South Dakota

0.9484

9

1.0817

7

0.9694

62

0.9653

141

0.9633

195

0.9675

38

0.9675

38

0.9810

43

0.9684

95

Tennessee

0.8447

56

0.9197

59

0.9917

48

0.9150

241

0.9721

176

0.9538

64

0.9538

64

0.9707

67

0.9838

59

Texas

0.8248

69

0.9176

61

0.9858

49

0.9035

259

0.9193

275

0.9175

177

0.9175

177

0.9369

161

0.9380

193

Utah

0.8310

63

0.9263

52

0.8371

153

1.0102

47

0.9833

143

0.9498

84

0.9498

84

0.9641

85

0.9504

159

Vermont

1.0000

1

1.1177

6

1.0652

5

0.9880

87

0.9954

109

0.9920

9

0.9920

9

1.0180

6

1.0175

3

Virginia

0.9044

20

0.9908

20

0.9711

61

0.9516

180

0.9580

211

0.9357

125

0.9357

125

0.9546

112

0.9543

151

Washington

0.8590

37

0.9509

35

0.9456

80

1.0015

62

0.9994

97

0.9517

76

0.9517

76

0.9664

80

0.9677

100

West Virginia

0.8681

34

0.9483

37

1.0023

20

0.9247

224

0.9980

103

0.9208

169

0.9208

169

0.9343

173

0.9576

129

Wisconsin

0.9079

18

0.9815

24

0.9683

64

0.9766

117

0.9725

172

0.9388

111

0.9388

111

0.9531

120

0.9555

145

Wyoming

0.9559

8

1.0600

10

0.9793

53

0.9786

108

0.9636

193

1.0000

1

1.0000

1

1.0174

7

1.0010

14

CIr = non-robust, unconditional BoD-estimated composite score, CIrm = robust, unconditional BoD-estimated composite score, CIrm,z = robust, conditional BoD-estimated composite score.

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Dardha, E., Rogge, N. How's Life in Your Region? Measuring Regional Material Living Conditions, Quality of Life and Subjective Well-Being in OECD Countries Using a Robust, Conditional Benefit-of-the-Doubt Model. Soc Indic Res 151, 1015–1073 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-020-02411-x

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