Abstract
This study uses bibliometrics methods to analyze the specialized literature of energy efficiency in buildings, including the Scopus database during the period of time ranging from 1980 to 2016, to identify the most relevant publications, authors, researcher groups, the evolution of the theme over the years, journals, geographical areas and eventually data analysis techniques employed. The countries with the most contributions have been the USA, China and the UK, where the Lawrence Berkeley National Labor, Hong Kong Polytechnic University and City University of Hong Kong were the three institutions with the most publications in this area. The publications have been concentrated primarily in thirty-three journals. The three most important journals are Energy and Buildings, Applied Energy, and Energy and are categorized primarily in engineering, energy and environmental sciences. The key terms may be divided into seven clusters: Buildings and Energy Uses; Building Energy Conservation; Energy Consumption; Energy Consumption Forecasting and Computational Intelligence; Energy Efficiency and Climate Effects; Building Energy Efficiency and Multivariate Statistics; and Building Energy Analysis and Stochastic Processes. The Data Analysis Techniques contained seven groups: Regression Analysis, Descriptive Statistics, Multivariate Analysis, Computational Intelligence, Stochastic Processes, Inferential Statistics and Design of Experiments. The data analysis techniques identified in this article raise the possibility of reformulation and adequacy of the curricula of the undergraduate and graduate courses in the area of energy and smart buildings. The results of this research have shown a general perspective regarding the energy efficiency in buildings, which can be useful in showing relevant themes for further research.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) for supporting this research.
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Appendices
Appendix 1: Scopus database query for energy efficiency
TITLE (
(“power-efficient”) OR (“energy efficiency”) OR (“low-power”) OR (“low-energy”) OR (“energy-saving”) OR (“fuel-efficient”) OR (“energy-conscious”) OR (“high-efficiency”) OR (“Low Power-Consumption”) OR (“energy efficient”) OR (“power allocation”) OR (“energy consumption”) OR (“smart grid”) OR (“smart metering”) OR (“enhancement of efficiency”) OR (“Energy Management”) OR (“Energy Performance”) OR (“Rational Use”) OR (“Electricity Consumption”) OR (“System Efficiency”) OR (“Energy Efficient Prosperity”) OR (“Eco-Power”) OR (“Energy-Efficient Window”) OR (“energy analysis”) OR (“efficiency factor”) OR (“Energy-saving awareness”) OR (“energy efficiency measures”) OR (“energy utilization”) OR (“energy conservation”) OR (“intelligent control”) OR (“energy demand”) OR (“sustainable energy”) OR (“energy policy”) OR (“energy efficient systems”) OR (“energy usage”) OR (“maximum efficiency”) OR (“energy efficiency ratio”) OR (“energy efficiency strategies”) OR (“energy simulation”) OR (“energy use”) OR (“energy storage”) OR (“energy forecasting”) OR (“consumption of energy”) OR (“Conscious use”)
)
AND (LIMIT-TO (DOCTYPE, “ar “))
AND PUBYEAR > 1979 AND PUBYEAR < 2017
Appendix 2: Scopus database query for energy efficiency and buildings
TITLE (
(“power-efficient”) OR (“energy efficiency”) OR (“low-power”) OR (“low-energy”) OR (“energy-saving”) OR (“fuel-efficient”) OR (“energy-conscious”) OR (“high-efficiency”) OR (“Low Power-Consumption”) OR (“energy efficient”) OR (“power allocation”) OR (“energy consumption”) OR (“smart grid”) OR (“smart metering”) OR (“enhancement of efficiency”) OR (“Energy Management”) OR (“Energy Performance”) OR (“Rational Use”) OR (“Electricity Consumption”) OR (“System Efficiency”) OR (“Energy Efficient Prosperity”) OR (“Eco-Power”) OR (“Energy-Efficient Window”) OR (“energy analysis”) OR (“efficiency factor”) OR (“Energy-saving awareness”) OR (“energy efficiency measures”) OR (“energy utilization”) OR (“energy conservation”) OR (“intelligent control”) OR (“energy demand”) OR (“sustainable energy”) OR (“energy policy”) OR (“energy efficient systems”) OR (“energy usage”) OR (“maximum efficiency”) OR (“energy efficiency ratio”) OR (“energy efficiency strategies”) OR (“energy simulation”) OR (“energy use”) OR (“energy storage”) OR (“energy forecasting”) OR (“consumption of energy”) OR (“Conscious use”)
)
AND TITLE
(“building”)
AND (LIMIT-TO (DOCTYPE, “ar “))
AND PUBYEAR > 1979 AND PUBYEAR < 2017
Appendix 3: Scopus database query for energy efficiency, buildings and data analysis techniques
TITLE (
(“power-efficient”) OR (“energy efficiency”) OR (“low-power”) OR (“low-energy”) OR (“energy-saving”) OR (“fuel-efficient”) OR (“energy-conscious”) OR (“high-efficiency”) OR (“Low Power-Consumption”) OR (“energy efficient”) OR (“power allocation”) OR (“energy consumption”) OR (“smart grid”) OR (“smart metering”) OR (“enhancement of efficiency”) OR (“Energy Management”) OR (“Energy Performance”) OR (“Rational Use”) OR (“Electricity Consumption”) OR (“System Efficiency”) OR (“Energy Efficient Prosperity”) OR (“Eco-Power”) OR (“Energy-Efficient Window”) OR (“energy analysis”) OR (“efficiency factor”) OR (“Energy-saving awareness”) OR (“energy efficiency measures”) OR (“energy utilization”) OR (“energy conservation”) OR (“intelligent control”) OR (“energy demand”) OR (“sustainable energy”) OR (“energy policy”) OR (“energy efficient systems”) OR (“energy usage”) OR (“maximum efficiency”) OR (“energy efficiency ratio”) OR (“energy efficiency strategies”) OR (“energy simulation”) OR (“energy use”) OR (“energy storage”) OR (“energy forecasting”) OR (“consumption of energy”) OR (“Conscious use”)
)
AND TITLE
(“building”)
AND ABS
(
(“Statistic Statistical Methods”) OR (“Statistical Analysis”) OR (“Statitics”) OR (“Statistical Data Analysis”) OR (“Statistical properties”) OR (“Statistical classifier”) OR (“Statistical comparisons”) OR (“statistical forecasting”) OR (“statistical model”) OR (“Statistical information”) OR (“statistical approach”) OR (“Residual analysis”) OR (“statistical evidence”) OR (“ANOVA”) OR (“Analysis Of Similarities”) OR (“Analysis of Variance”) OR (“Anderson–Darling Test”) OR (“Binomial Classification Analysis “) OR (“Cluster Analysis”) OR (“Clustering”) OR (“Cochran’s Q”) OR (“Cohen’s Kappa”) OR (“Correspondence Analysis”) OR (“Descriptive Statistics”) OR (“Design Experiments”) OR (“Design of Experiments”) OR (“Discriminant Analysis”) OR (“DOE”) OR (“Experimental Design”) OR (“Factor Analysis”) OR (“Factorial ANOVA”) OR (“Factorial Design”) OR (“Factorial Design”) OR (“Factorial Experiment”) OR (“Factorial Experiments”) OR (“Friedman Two-Way Analysis Of Variance By Ranks”) OR (“Histogram”) OR (“Hypotheses Test”) OR (“Hypotheses Testing”) OR (“Hypothesis Test”) OR (“Hypothesis Testing”) OR (“Inference Test”) OR (“inferential Statistics”) OR (“Kaplan–Meier”) OR (“Kendall’s Tau”) OR (“Ke/
ndall’s W”) OR (“Kolmogorov–Smirnov Test”) OR (“Kruskal–Wallis”) OR (“Kuiper’s Test”) OR (“Latent Variables”) OR (“Least Squares”) OR (“Logrank Test”) OR (“Mann–Whitney U”) OR (“MANOVA”) OR (“MCA”) OR (“Mcnemar’s Test”) OR (“MDS”) OR (“Multidimensional Scaling “) OR (“Multiple Correspondence Analysis”) OR (“Multiple Regression Analysis”) OR (“Multivariate Analysis”) OR (“Multivariate Analysis of Variance”) OR (“Multivariate Regression”) OR (“Multivariate Statistics”) OR (“Non-Parametric Models”) OR (“Nonparametric Statistics”) OR (“Normal”) OR (“Parametric Models”) OR (“Parametric Statistics”) OR (“Partial Least Squares”) OR (“PCA”) OR (“Pearson”) OR (“Pitman’s Permutation Test”) OR (“Principal Component Analysis”) OR (“Principal Components Analysis”) OR (“Probability Distributions”) OR (“Rank Products”) OR (“Regression”) OR (“Scores”) OR (“Siegel–Tukey Test”) OR (“Sign Test”) OR (“Spearman’s Rank Correlation Coefficient”) OR (“Squared Ranks Test”) OR (“Statistical Bootstrap Methods”) OR (“Statistical Models”) OR (“Statistical Test”) OR (“Statistics Multivariate Data Analysis”) OR (“Taguchi”) OR (“The Tukey–Kramer Method”) OR (“Training Data”) OR (“T Test”) OR (“Tukey”) OR (“Tukey Method”) OR (“Tukey–Duckworth Test”) OR (“Tukey’s Test”) OR (“Tukey’s Honest Significance Test”) OR (“Tukey’s HSD Test”) OR (“Tukey’s Range Test”) OR (“Univariate Regression”) OR (“Wald–Wolfowitz Runs Test”) OR (“Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test”) OR (“Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test”) OR (“Z-Score”) OR (“ Design Response Surface”) OR (“Analysis of Covariance”) OR (“Chi Square Analysis”) OR (“Control Charts”) OR (“Correlation”) OR (“Linear Regression Analysis”) OR (“Multiple Linear Regression”) OR (“Multiple Response”) OR (“Nonparametric Analysis”) OR (“Probabllity”) OR (“p-values”) OR (“Residual Analysis”) OR (“Simple Linear Regression”) OR (“Statistics Bivariate”) OR (“Statistics Inference”) OR (“Structural Equation”) OR (“Structural Equation Analysis”) OR (“The Paired T-Test”)
)
AND (LIMIT-TO (DOCTYPE, “ar “))
AND PUBYEAR > 1979 AND PUBYEAR < 2017
Appendix 4
Journals | Number of pub/zone |
|---|---|
Energy and Buildings | 153/1 |
Applied Energy | 36/2 |
Energy | 22/2 |
Building and Environment | 21/2 |
Energy Conversion and Management | 16/2 |
Energy Policy | 10/2 |
Journal of Solar Energy Engineering Transactions of the ASME | 8/2 |
Journal of the Association of Energy Engineering | 6/2 |
Jurnal Teknologi | 6/2 |
Energy Efficiency | 5/2 |
Journal of Building Performance Simulation | 5/2 |
Renewable Energy | 5/2 |
Solar Energy | 5/2 |
Architectural Science Review | 4/2 |
Building Services Engineering Research and Technology | 4/2 |
Building Simulation | 4/2 |
HVAC and R Research | 4/2 |
Journal of Building Physics | 4/2 |
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews | 4/2 |
Journal of Civil Architectural and Environmental Engineering | 4/2 |
Applied Thermal Engineering | 3/2 |
Automation in Construction | 3/2 |
Bauphysik | 3/2 |
Frontiers in Energy | 3/2 |
International Journal of Energy Research | 3/2 |
International Journal of Ventilation | 3/2 |
Journal of Environmental Engineering | 3/2 |
Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology New Series | 3/2 |
Science and Technology for the Built Environment | 3/2 |
Strategic Planning for Energy and the Environment | 3/2 |
Sustainability Switzerland | 3/2 |
Taiyangneng Xuebao Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica | 3/2 |
Wit Transactions on Ecology and the Environment | 3/2 |
ASHRAE Journal | 2/3 |
ENR Engineering News Record | 2/3 |
Energy Educ Science and Technology Part A | 2/3 |
Environment and Planning B Planning and Design | 2/3 |
International Journal for Housing Science and Its Applications | 2/3 |
International Journal of Ambient Energy | 2/3 |
International Journal of Energy Sector Management | 2/3 |
International Journal of Heat and Technology | 2/3 |
International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment | 2/3 |
Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering | 2/3 |
Journal of Building Engineering | 2/3 |
Journal of Central South University of Technology English Edition | 2/3 |
Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research | 2/3 |
Journal of Civil Engineering and Management | 2/3 |
Journal of Cleaner Production | 2/3 |
Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering | 2/3 |
Journal of Environmental Engineering Japan | 2/3 |
Journal of Green Building | 2/3 |
Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities | 2/3 |
Journal of Process Control | 2/3 |
Plos One | 2/3 |
Tongji Daxue Xuebao Journal of Tongji University | 2/3 |
VTT Tiedotteita Valtion Teknillinen Tutkimuskeskus | 2/3 |
Xuebao Journal of Xi an University of Architecture and Technology | 2/3 |
AEJ Alexandria Engineering Journal | 1/3 |
ASHRAE Transactions | 1/3 |
Acta Montanistica Slovaca | 1/3 |
Advanced Science Letters | 1/3 |
Advances in Mechanical Engineering | 1/3 |
Aerosol Science and Technology | 1/3 |
Aij Journal of Technology and Design | 1/3 |
Applied Mathematics and Computation | 1/3 |
Applied Soft Computing Journal | 1/3 |
Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering | 1/3 |
Architectural Engineering and Design Management | 1/3 |
Archnet Ijar | 1/3 |
Arpn Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences | 1/3 |
Building Research and Information | 1/3 |
Building Services Engineering Research Technology | 1/3 |
Buildings | 1/3 |
Built Environment Project and Asset Management | 1/3 |
Cailiao Gongcheng Journal of Materials Engineering | 1/3 |
Chung Kuo Chi Hsueh Kung Ch Eng Hsueh Pao Journal of the Chinese Society of Mechanical Engineers | 1/3 |
Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation | 1/3 |
Construction and Building Materials | 1/3 |
Construction Management and Economics | 1/3 |
Consulting Specifying Engineer | 1/3 |
Data in Brief | 1/3 |
Electronic Journal of Structural Engineering | 1/3 |
Elektrotehniski Vestnik Electrotechnical Review | 1/3 |
Energy Economics | 1/3 |
Energy Sources | 1/3 |
Energy Sustainability and Society | 1/3 |
Energy Systems and Policy | 1/3 |
Engineered Systems | 1/3 |
Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence | 1/3 |
European Transactions on Electrical Power | 1/3 |
Facilities | 1/3 |
Federal Register | 1/3 |
Gaswaerme International | 1/3 |
Gcb Bioenergy | 1/3 |
Habitat International | 1/3 |
Hkie Transactions Hong Kong Institution of Engineers | 1/3 |
IEEE Design and Test of Computers | 1/3 |
IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation | 1/3 |
IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering | 1/3 |
IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics | 1/3 |
IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics | 1/3 |
IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics | 1/3 |
IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid | 1/3 |
Ieej Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Engineering | 1/3 |
Indoor Air | 1/3 |
Intelligent Buildings International | 1/3 |
International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering | 1/3 |
International Journal of Construction Management | 1/3 |
International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks | 1/3 |
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 1/3 |
International Journal of Environmental Technology and Management | 1/3 |
International Journal of Hospitality Management | 1/3 |
International Journal of Metrology and Quality Engineering | 1/3 |
International Journal of Sustainable Building Technology and Urban Development | 1/3 |
International Journal of Technology | 1/3 |
International Journal of Thermal Sciences | 1/3 |
Journal of Algorithms and Computational Technology | 1/3 |
Journal of Architectural and Planning Research | 1/3 |
Journal of Architectural Engineering | 1/3 |
Journal of Climate Applied Meteorology | 1/3 |
Journal of Computational Information Systems | 1/3 |
Journal of Corporate Real Estate | 1/3 |
Journal of Cultural Heritage | 1/3 |
Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review | 1/3 |
Journal of European Real Estate Research | 1/3 |
Journal of Information Technology in Construction | 1/3 |
Journal of Materials for Energy Systems | 1/3 |
Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics | 1/3 |
Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management | 1/3 |
Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation | 1/3 |
Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society | 1/3 |
Journal of Thermal Envelope and Building Science | 1/3 |
Jurnal Teknologi Sciences and Engineering | 1/3 |
Key Engineering Materials | 1/3 |
Light and Engineering | 1/3 |
Lighting Design and Application LD and A | 1/3 |
Magazine of Civil Engineering | 1/3 |
Optical Engineering | 1/3 |
Pacific Rim Property Research Journal | 1/3 |
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A | 1/3 |
Prace Naukowe Instytutu Gornictwa Politechniki Wroclawskiej | 1/3 |
Proceedings of the Inst of Mechanical Engineers Part A | 1/3 |
Revista Tecnica De La Facultad De Ingenieria Universidad Del Zulia | 1/3 |
Rocznik Ochrona Srodowiska | 1/3 |
Sensors | 1/3 |
Sensors Switzerland | 1/3 |
Journal of Shenzhen University Science and Engineering | 1/3 |
Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory | 1/3 |
Structural Survey | 1/3 |
Studies in Computational Intelligence | 1/3 |
Sustainable Cities and Society | 1/3 |
Urban Climate | 1/3 |
Wseas Transactions on Environment and Development | 1/3 |
Xiandai Huagong Modern Chemical Industry | 1/3 |
Journal of Central South University Science and Technology | 1/3 |
Appendix 5
Energy and Buildings |
Energy demands and consumption in existing and future buildings—prediction and validation; |
Indoor environment quality, including health and thermal comfort vis-à-vis energy; |
Natural, mechanical and mixed ventilation; |
Air distribution in buildings; |
Application of solar and other renewable energy sources in buildings; |
Energy balances in building complexes (residential, commercial, industrial, public and other buildings); |
Energy efficiency improvement measures of HVAC&R and other technical systems in residential, commercial, public and industrial buildings, and semi open built spaces; |
Heat recovery systems in buildings; |
Buildings and district heating and cooling; |
Energy conservation in built environment; |
Energy efficient buildings; |
Building physics; |
Energy sustainability, resilience and climate adaptability of buildings; |
Evaluation and control of indoor thermal and lighting systems; |
Building’s total performance and intelligent buildings; |
Links between architectural design, mechanical and lighting systems; |
New materials in buildings and their impact on energy demands; |
External and internal design conditions for energy efficient buildings; |
Building envelope materials and structure energy performance; |
Thermal energy storage and thermally active building systems—TABS; |
Energy performance of buildings and modeling predictive control; |
Zero CO2 emission—zero energy and energy plus buildings and their smart grid harmonized operation; |
Residential/municipal energy refurbishment and renovation; |
Life cycle energy efficiency of buildings and embodied energy; |
Architectural structure—construction energy efficiency; |
Energy related aspects of buildings after catastrophic events. |
Applied Energy |
Energy conversion and conservation; |
Optimal use of energy resources; |
Analysis and optimization of energy processes; |
Mitigation of environmental pollutants; |
Sustainable energy systems; |
Problems of modeling and forecasting; |
Conservation strategies; |
The environmental, social and economic impacts of energy policies and usage. |
Energy |
Energy analysis |
Energy modelling and prediction |
Integrated energy systems |
Energy planning |
Energy management |
Energy conservation |
Energy efficiency |
Biomass and bioenergy |
Renewable energy |
Electricity supply and demand |
Energy storage |
Energy in buildings, and on economic and policy issues |
Building and Environment |
Technologies and integrated systems for high performance buildings and cities; |
Thermal, acoustic, visual, air quality building science and human impacts; |
Tools for the design and decision-making community, including tested computational, economic, educational and policy tools; |
Solutions for mitigating environmental impacts and achieving low carbon, sustainable built environments. |
Energy Conservation and Management |
Energy generation; |
Energy utilization; |
Energy conversion; |
Energy storage; |
Energy transmission; |
Energy conservation; |
Energy Management; |
Sustainability |
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Cristino, T.M., Faria Neto, A. & Costa, A.F.B. Energy efficiency in buildings: analysis of scientific literature and identification of data analysis techniques from a bibliometric study. Scientometrics 114, 1275–1326 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-017-2615-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-017-2615-4