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Role and impact of pharmacists in Spain: a scoping review

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Abstract

Background The role of the pharmacist has evolved greatly over the last decades, expanding to patient-oriented activities, administrative tasks and public health functions. However, considerable differences emerge across regions. Aim of the review To gather evidence in order to describe and highlight the different characteristics of the pharmacists’ role and the impact of their activities in Spain. Method A review of the existing literature was conducted. The literature search was undertaken in PubMed between 01/01/2006 and 15/08/2017. Results were screened and reviewed to extract previously established criteria such as author(s), publication year, language, study design, setting, pharmaceutical activity, patient care programs, targeted diseases and intervention description using DEPICT2 tool. Pharmaceutical intervention were classified into eight outcome measures and categorized by types of outcomes reported: descriptive or impact evaluation regarding the effect of the service (positive, neutral or negative). Results The search strategy resulted in 473 articles and 108 articles met the inclusion criteria. The most common design was observational (n = 76, 70%). Most articles were published after 2011 (75%), in English (69%). Studies were conducted in hospitals (60%) and community pharmacies (30%). Of the 24 pharmaceutical activities identified, medication review was the activity most frequently studied (n = 42), followed by patient education (n = 29), risk and prevention (n = 27) and medication reconciliation (n = 19). Only 39 articles (36%) had outcome measures with impact evaluation. Of the 223 impact outcome measures, 48% (107/223) had a positive effect. Conclusion This review shows the substantial scientific production focusing on pharmacy practice in Spain over the last years. The evidence reviewed reflects the pharmacist role at various professional settings, providing a wide variety of activities on diverse targeted diseases and patient care programs, in line with the increasing specialization of clinical pharmacists over the last years.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Elena Rodríguez-Murphy and Esther Rodríguez-Murphy for the translation and style correction of the text.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Pharmacy Department and Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, QC, Canada

    Mar Saavedra-Mitjans, Éléonore Ferrand & Jean-François Bussières

  2. Pharmacy Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Sant Quintí, 89, 08041, Barcelona, Spain

    Mar Saavedra-Mitjans & Noe Garin

  3. Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain

    Noe Garin

  4. School of Health Science Blanquerna, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain

    Noe Garin

  5. Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada

    Jean-François Bussières

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  1. Mar Saavedra-Mitjans
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Saavedra-Mitjans, M., Ferrand, É., Garin, N. et al. Role and impact of pharmacists in Spain: a scoping review. Int J Clin Pharm 40, 1430–1442 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-018-0740-7

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