Abstract
The Haldane model is a paradigmatic 2d lattice model exhibiting the integer quantum Hall effect. We consider an interacting version of the model, and prove that for short-range interactions, smaller than the bandwidth, the Hall conductivity is quantized, for all the values of the parameters outside two critical curves, across which the model undergoes a ‘topological’ phase transition: the Hall coefficient remains integer and constant as long as we continuously deform the parameters without crossing the curves; when this happens, the Hall coefficient jumps abruptly to a different integer. Previous works were limited to the perturbative regime, in which the interaction is much smaller than the bare gap, so they were restricted to regions far from the critical lines. The non-renormalization of the Hall conductivity arises as a consequence of lattice conservation laws and of the regularity properties of the current–current correlations. Our method provides a full construction of the critical curves, which are modified (‘dressed’) by the electron–electron interaction. The shift of the transition curves manifests itself via apparent infrared divergences in the naive perturbative series, which we resolve via renormalization group methods.
Similar content being viewed by others
1 Introduction
One of the remarkable features of the Integer Quantum Hall Effect (QHE) is the impressive precision of the quantization of the plateaus observed in the experiments. While the experimental samples have a very complex microscopic structure, depending on a huge number of non-universal details related to molecular forces and the atomic structure, the conductance appears to be quantized at a very high precision, and the result only depends on fundamental constants. The understanding of this phenomenon, via a connection between the Hall conductivity and a topological invariant [4, 40] was a major success of theoretical condensed matter in the 80s. The argument was later generalized to non-interacting disordered systems [1, 5, 9, 10] and to clean multi-particle systems [3, 37]: however, the definition of conductivity in the interacting case required the presence of an unphysical averaging over fluxes, expected to be unimportant in the thermodynamic limit, but a proof remained elusive for many years. Arguments based on Ward Identities for Quantum ElectroDynamics in \((2+1)\)-dimensions [12, 24, 30], or on the properties of anomalies [15], offered an alternative view on the QHE: they indicated that quantization should persists in the presence of many body interaction, but such conclusions were based on manipulations of divergent series, or of effective actions arising in a formal scaling limit.
The problem of a mathematical proof of the quantization of the Hall conductivity in the presence of many-body interactions remained open for several years. After the works [1, 3, 5, 9, 10, 37], it was dormant for more than a decade, and then, in recent years, it was actively reconsidered again, starting from [27], which proved the quantization of the Hall conductance of an interacting electron system using quasi-adiabatic evolution of the groundstate around a flux-torus, under the assumption of a volume-independent spectral gap. In [22] we followed a different approach, and proved the quantization of the interacting Hall conductivity by writing it as a convergent series, and by showing that all the interaction corrections cancel exactly, thanks to Ward Identities. Our result holds for interacting fermionic Hamiltonians of the form \({\mathcal {H}}_0+U {\mathcal {V}}\), where \({\mathcal {H}}_0\) is quadratic and gapped, with the chemical potential in the middle of a spectral gap of width \(\Delta _0\), \({\mathcal {V}}\) is a many body interaction, and \(|U|\ll \Delta _0\); this smallness condition is assumed to ensure the convergence of the power series expansion in U of the Euclidean correlations. The same result also follows from [27], in combination with a proof of the stability of the spectral gap for such fermionic Hamiltonians [13, 26]. See also [6, 7] for alternative proofs of the main theorem in [27]. Recently, the bulk-edge correspondence for a class of weakly interacting fermionic systems displaying single-mode chiral edge currents was also proved [2].
Given these results on the quantization of the Hall conductivity in weakly interacting systems (i.e., with interaction strength smaller than the gap), one naturally wonders what happens for stronger interactions. We focus on the interacting extension of the spinful Haldane model [23], which has been recently realized in cold atoms experiments [31] and can be used as the building block of more general topological insulators [25]. Extensions to related systems is straightforward, in particular to the interacting, spin-conserving, Kane–Mele model, for which the quantization of the edge conductivity has been recently established [34]. We recall that, in the absence of interactions, the phase diagram of the spinful Haldane model consists of two ‘trivial’ insulating phases, with vanishing transverse conductivity, and two quantum Hall phases, with transverse conductivity \(\sigma _{12} =\pm \,2 e^2/h\), separated by two critical curves. By [22], we know that, away from the critical lines, for interactions U smaller than the spectral gap, the Hall conductivity is quantized and independent of U. However, what happens close to the critical lines, in cases where the interaction is much larger than the gap? This question, and in particular the possible emergence of new quantum phases, has been extensively investigated in the literature, mainly via mean-field, variational, and numerical studies, see [28, 29, 38, 41, 42] and references therein. These works show evidence for the appearance of a new interaction-induced phase with \(\sigma _{12} =\pm \,e^2/h\), but the numerics is inconclusive on whether this phase, in the thermodynamic limit, emerges at arbitrarily small, positive, interactions or, rather, above a finite threshold. The main result of this work excludes the first possibility: no new phases appear close to the transition lines, as long as the interaction strength is sufficiently small, compared with the bandwidth \(t_0\). More precisely, we compute the Hall conductivity for \(|U|\ll t_0\) and all the values of the parameters outside two critical curves, across which the model undergoes a ‘topological’ phase transition: the Hall coefficient remains integer and constant as long as we continuously deform the parameters without crossing the curves; when this happens, the Hall coefficient jumps abruptly to a different integer. The main difficulties in proving such results are related to the fact that the critical lines are non-universal (i.e., interaction-dependent), thus making a naive perturbative approach ineffective. The ‘dressing’ of the critical lines is analogous to what happens in the theory of second order phase transitions, where the critical temperature is modified by the interaction, and one needs to appropriately tune the temperature as the interaction is switched on, in order to stay at criticality. Technically, we proceed in a similar way: we do not expand around the non-interacting Hamiltonian but, rather, around a reference quadratic Hamiltonian, characterized by the same gap as the interacting system, whose value is fixed self-consistently.
Note that our problem \({\mathcal {H}}_0+U{\mathcal {V}}\) naturally comes with three energy scales: the spectral gap \(\Delta _0\) of \(\mathcal H_0\); the bandwidth \(t_0\) of \({\mathcal {H}}_0\); and the interaction strength U. Our methods are not applicable in the regime of non-perturbatively strong interactions, \(|U| > rsim t_0\): they are limited to the case where U is smaller than \(t_0\) but, as remarked above, they are allowed to be much larger than \(\Delta _0\). Even in this regime, the interaction can induce drastic changes of the physical properties of the system, as well known in the context of interacting, gapless, 2D electron gases, where weak interactions can in general produce quantum (e.g., superconducting) instabilities. The reason why this does not happen in our case is due to a key feature of the model under investigation, namely that the critical, gapless, Hamiltonian has energy bands with conical intersections: this ensures that the interaction is irrelevant in a Renormalization Group sense, uniformly in \(\Delta _0\). In more general cases, the interaction may be marginal, as in the case of the anisotropic Hofstadter model, recently considered in [33]: in this case, the gaps with integer label are stable, but new gaps corresponding to fractional labels are expected to open. It would be, of course, very interesting to further investigate such cases, where fractional Hall conductances may potentially appear, as well as to include disorder effects, which are essential for the very existence of Hall plateaus.
Our results extend and complement those of [19], where we considered the same model (in the special case of ultra-local interactions) and we proved: (i) existence of the critical curves, but without an explicit control on their regularity properties, and (ii) universality of the jump in the Hall coefficient across the critical curves, but without a proof that the coefficient remains constant in each connected component of the complement of the critical curves. Combining the results of [19] with those presented here, we have a complete construction of the topological phase diagram of the interacting Haldane model.
Our presentation is organized as follows: in Sect. 2 we define the class of interacting Haldane models that we are going to consider, and we state our main result. In Sect. 3 we prove the quantization of the Hall coefficient, under suitable regularity assumptions on the Euclidean correlation functions of the interacting model; we stress that this part of the proof holds in great generality, for a class of interacting fermionic systems much larger than the interacting Haldane model. In Sect. 4 we prove the regularity assumptions on the correlations for the model at hand, via rigorous renormalization group methods. In Sect. 5 we put things together and complete the proof of our main result.
2 Main Result
2.1 The Model
The Haldane model describes spinless fermions on the honeycomb lattice hopping on nearest and next-to-nearest neighbours, in the presence of a transverse magnetic field, with zero net flux through the hexagonal cell, and of a staggered potential. In this section we introduce an interacting, spinful, version of the Haldane model. Note that, in the presence of interactions, the spin could induce a qualitatively different behaviour, as compared with the spinless case (this is a well known fact in the context of one-dimensional fermions [14], including the edge theory of 2D topological insulators [2, 34]). Note also that the experimental realization of the interacting Haldane model involves, indeed, spin-1 / 2 particles, see [31].
Let \(\Lambda =\big \{{\vec {x}} \mid {\vec {x}} = n_{1} {\vec {\ell }}_{1} + n_{2} {\vec {\ell }}_{2},\; n_{i} \in {\mathbb {Z}}\}\subset {\mathbb {R}}^{2}\) be the infinite triangular lattice generated by the two basis vectors \({\vec {\ell }}_{1} = \frac{1}{2}(3,\, -\sqrt{3}), {\vec {\ell }}_{2} = \frac{1}{2}(3, \sqrt{3})\). Given \(L\in {\mathbb {N}}\), we also let \(\Lambda _{L}=\Lambda / L\Lambda \) be the corresponding finite periodic triangular lattice of side L, which will be identified with the set \(\Lambda _L= \big \{ {\vec {x}} \mid {\vec {x}} = n_{1} {\vec {\ell }}_{1} + n_{2} {\vec {\ell }}_{2},\; n_{i} \in {\mathbb {Z}}\cap [0,L) \big \}\) with periodic boundary conditions. The lattice is endowed with the Euclidean distance on the torus, denoted by \(| {\vec {x}} - {\vec {y}}|_L=\min _{m\in {\mathbb {Z}}^2}| {\vec {x}} - {\vec {y}}+m_1 {\vec {\ell }}_1 L+m_2 {\vec {\ell }}_2 L|\). The number of sites of \(\Lambda _{L}\) is \(|\Lambda _{L}| = L^{2}\). The periodic honeycomb lattice can be realized as the superposition of two periodic triangular sublattices \(\Lambda ^{\text {A}}_{L} \equiv \Lambda _{L}\), \(\Lambda ^{\text {B}}_{L}\equiv \Lambda _{L} + {\vec {e}}_1\), with \({\vec {e}}_1=(1,0)\) the first Euclidean basis vector. Equivalently, we can think the honeycomb lattice as a triangular lattice, with two internal degrees of freedom corresponding to the A, B sublattices.
It is convenient to define the model in second quantization. The one-particle Hilbert space is the set of functions \({\mathfrak {h}}_{L} = \{ f: \Lambda _{L}\times \{ \uparrow , \downarrow \}\times \{A, B\}\rightarrow {\mathbb {C}} \} \simeq {\mathbb {C}}^{L^{2}}\otimes {\mathbb {C}}^{4}\). We let the fermionic Fock space \({\mathcal {F}}_{L}\) be the exterior algebra of \({\mathfrak {h}}_{L}\). Notice that for fixed L, \({\mathcal {F}}_{L}\) is a finite-dimensional space. For a given site \({\vec {x}}\in \Lambda _{L}\), we introduce fermionic annihilation operators \(\psi _{{\vec {x}}, \rho , s}\), with \(\rho \in \{A, B\}\) the sublattice label and \(s \in \{\uparrow , \downarrow \}\) the spin label, and we denote by \(\psi ^\dagger _{{\vec {x}},\rho ,s}\) their adjoint, the creation operators. They satisfy the standard canonical anticommutation relations \(\{ \psi ^{\dagger }_{{\vec {x}}, \rho , s}, \psi _{{\vec {y}}, \rho ', s'}\} = \delta _{\rho ,\rho '} \delta _{s,s'} \delta _{{\vec {x}},{\vec {y}}}\) and \(\{ \psi ^{\dagger }_{{\vec {x}}, \rho , s}, \psi ^{\dagger }_{{\vec {y}}, \rho ', s'}\} = \{ \psi _{{\vec {x}}, \rho , s}, \psi _{{\vec {y}}, \rho ', s'}\} = 0\). The operators \(\psi _{{\vec {x}},\rho ,s}\) are consistent with the periodic boundary conditions on \(\Lambda _{L}\), \(\psi _{{\vec {x}} + n_{1} L + n_{2} L,\rho ,s} = \psi _{{\vec {x}},\rho ,s}\).
The reciprocal lattice \(\Lambda _{L}^{*}\) of \(\Lambda _{L}\) is the triangular lattice generated by the basis vectors \({\vec {G}}_{1}\), \({\vec {G}}_{2}\), such that \({\vec {G}}_i\cdot {\vec {\ell }}_j=2\pi \delta _{i,j}\). Explicitely, \({\vec {G}}_{1} = \frac{2\pi }{3}(1,\, -\sqrt{3})\), \({\vec {G}}_{2} = \frac{2\pi }{3}(1,\, \sqrt{3})\). We define the finite-volume Brillouin zone as \({\mathcal {B}}_{L} := \Big \{ {\vec {k}} \in {\mathbb {R}}^{2} \mid {\vec {k}} = \frac{n_1}{L} {\vec {G}}_{1} + \frac{n_2}{L} {\vec {G}}_{2},\; n_{i}\in {\mathbb {Z}}\cap [0,L) \Big \}\). We define the Fourier transforms of the fermionic operators as:
With this definition, \({{\hat{\psi }}}_{{\vec {k}},\rho ,s}\) is periodic over the Brillouin zone, \({{\hat{\psi }}}_{{\vec {k}} + m_{1} {\vec {G}}_{1} + m_{2} {\vec {G}}_{2},\rho ,s} = {{\hat{\psi }}}_{{\vec {k}},\rho ,s}\). Moreover, the Fourier transforms of the fermionic operators satisfy the anticommutation relations: \(\{ {{\hat{\psi }}}^{\dagger }_{{\vec {k}}, \rho , s}, {{\hat{\psi }}}_{{\vec {k}}', \rho ', s'} \} = L^{2} \delta _{{\vec {k}}, {\vec {k}}'}\delta _{\rho ,\rho '}\delta _{s,s'}\) and \(\{ {{\hat{\psi }}}^{\dagger }_{{\vec {k}}, \rho , s}, {{\hat{\psi }}}^{\dagger }_{{\vec {k}}', \rho ', s'} \} = \{ {{\hat{\psi }}}_{{\vec {k}}, \rho , s}, {{\hat{\psi }}}_{{\vec {k}}', \rho ', s'} \} = 0\).
The Hamiltonian of the model is: \({\mathcal {H}} = {\mathcal {H}}_0 + U{\mathcal {V}}\), with \({\mathcal {H}}_0\) the noninteracting Hamiltonian and \({\mathcal {V}}\) the many-body interaction of strength U. We have:
with \({\vec {\gamma }}_{1} = {\vec {\ell }}_{1} - {\vec {\ell }}_{2}\), \({\vec {\gamma }}_{2} = {\vec {\ell }}_{2}\), \({\vec {\gamma }}_{3} = -{\vec {\ell }}_{1}\) and \(n_{{\vec {x}},\rho } = \sum _{s=\uparrow ,\downarrow }\psi ^{\dagger }_{{\vec {x}},\rho ,s}\psi _{{\vec {x}},\rho ,s}\), with \(\rho \in \{A,B\}\). For definiteness, we assume that \(t_{1} > 0\) and \(t_{2} > 0\). The term proportional to \(t_1\) describes nearest neighbor hopping on the hexagonal lattice. The term proportional to \(t_2\) describes next-to-nearest neighbor hopping, with the complex phases \(e^{\pm \, i\phi }\) modeling the effect of an external, transverse, magnetic field. The term proportional to W describes a staggered potential, favoring the occupancy of the A or B sublattice, depending on whether W is negative or positive. Finally, the term proportional to \(\mu \) is the chemical potential, which controls the average particle density in the Gibbs state. See Fig. 1. Concerning the many-body interaction, we assume it to be a density–density interaction of the form:
where \(v_{AA}({\vec {x}})=v_{BB}({\vec {x}})=v({\vec {x}})\), \(v_{AB}({\vec {x}})=v({\vec {x}}-{\vec {e}}_1)\) and \(v_{BA}({\vec {x}})=v({\vec {x}}+{\vec {e}}_1)\), with v a finite range, rotationally invariant, potential (we recall that \({\vec {e}}_1\) is the first Euclidean basis vector).
The honeycomb lattice of the Haldane model. The empty dots belong to \(\Lambda ^{\text {A}}_{L}\), while the black dots belong to \(\Lambda ^{\text {B}}_{L}\). The oval encircles the two sites of the fundamental cell, labeled by the position of the empty dot, i.e., of the site of the A sublattice. The nearest neighbor vectors \({\vec {\delta }}_i\), are shown explicitly, together with the next-to-nearest neighbor vectors \({\vec {\gamma }}_i\), and the two basis vectors \({\vec {\ell }}_{1,2}\) of \(\Lambda _L\)
The noninteracting Hamiltonian can be rewritten as:
where \(H_{\rho \rho '}({\vec {x}}- {\vec {y}})\) are the matrix elements of the Haldane model; we denote by \(H({\vec {x}}- {\vec {y}})\) the corresponding \(2\times 2\) block. We introduce the Bloch Hamiltonian \({{\hat{H}}}(k) = \sum _{{\vec {z}}\in \Lambda _{L}} e^{-i{\vec {k}}\cdot {\vec {z}}} H({\vec {z}})\), with \({\vec {k}} \in {\mathcal {B}}_{L}\). An explicit computation gives:
where:
The corresponding energy bands are
The size of the bands can be bounded by \(\max _{{\vec {k}}}\varepsilon _+({\vec {k}})- \min _{{\vec {k}}}\varepsilon _-({\vec {k}})\), which we call the bandwidth. To make sure that the energy bands do not overlap, we assume that \(t_2/t_1<1/3\). For \(L\rightarrow \infty \), the two bands can touch only at the Fermi points\({\vec {k}}_{F}^{\pm } = \big ( \frac{2\pi }{3}, \pm \frac{2\pi }{3\sqrt{3}} \big )\), which are the two zeros of \(\Omega ({\vec {k}})\), around which \(\Omega ({\vec {k}}_F^\pm +{\vec {k}}')\simeq \frac{3}{2}(ik_1'\pm k_2')\). The condition that the two bands touch at \({\vec {k}}_F^\omega \), with \(\omega \in \{+,-\}\), is that \(m_\omega =0\), with
If, instead, \(m_+\) and \(m_-\) are both different from zero, then the spectrum of \({{\hat{H}}}({\vec {k}})\) is gapped for all \({\vec {k}}\), corresponding to an insulating phase.
2.2 Lattice Currents and Linear Reponse Theory
Let \(n_{{\vec {x}}} = \sum _{\rho = A,B} n_{{\vec {x}}, \rho }\) be the total density operator at \({\vec {x}}\). Its time-evolution is given by \(n_{{\vec {x}}}(t) = e^{i{\mathcal {H}} t} n_{{\vec {x}}} e^{-i{\mathcal {H}} t}\), which satisfies the following lattice continuity equation:
with \(j_{{\vec {x}},{\vec {y}}}\) the bond current:
Notice that \(j_{{\vec {x}},{\vec {y}}} = -j_{{\vec {y}},{\vec {x}}}\). Thus, using that \(H({\vec {x}}) \ne 0\) if and only if \({\vec {x}} = {\vec {0}}, \pm {\vec {\ell }}_{1},\pm {\vec {\ell }}_2, \pm ({\vec {\ell }}_{1} - {\vec {\ell }}_{2})\), Eq. (2.9) implies:
where \(\text {d}_{i} f({\vec {x}}) = f({\vec {x}}) - f({\vec {x}} - {\vec {\ell }}_{i})\) is the lattice derivative along the \({\vec {\ell }}_{i}\) direction, and:
The operators \(\tilde{\text {J}}_{i, {\vec {x}}}\) are the components along the \({\vec {\ell }}_{i}\) directions of the total vectorial current, defined as
Note that, given the definitions of \({\vec {\ell }}_{1,2}\), the components of the lattice current along the two reference, orthogonal, coordinate directions are:
We are interested in the transport properties of the Haldane–Hubbard model, in the linear response regime. The Gibbs state of the interacting model is defined as: \(\langle \cdot \rangle _{\beta , L} = \mathrm {Tr}_{{\mathcal {F}}_{L}} \cdot e^{-\beta {\mathcal {H}}} / {\mathcal {Z}}_{\beta , L}\) with \({\mathcal {Z}}_{\beta , L} = \mathrm {Tr}_{{\mathcal {F}}_{L}} e^{-\beta {\mathcal {H}}}\) the partition function. We define the conductivity matrix via the Kubo formula, for \(i, j =1,2\):
with \(\vec {{\mathcal {J}}} = \sum _{{\vec {x}}\in \Lambda _L} {\vec {\jmath }}_{{\vec {x}}}\) the total current operator, \(\vec {{\mathcal {X}}}\) the second quantization of the position operatorFootnote 1, and where \(\lim _{\beta ,L\rightarrow \infty }\) must be understood as \(\lim _{\beta \rightarrow \infty }\lim _{L\rightarrow \infty }\), i.e., thermodynamic limit first, and then temperature to zero. Note that formally, in the thermodynamic limit, \(\vec {{\mathcal {J}}} =i[\mathcal H,\vec {{\mathcal {X}}}]\), as it should. Equation (2.15) describes the linear response of the average current at the time \(t= 0\) to an adiabatic external potential of the form \(e^{\eta t} {\vec {E}}\cdot \vec {{\mathcal {X}}}\), see e.g. [17] for a formal derivation, and [8, 36, 39] for a rigorous derivation in a slightly different setting.
Remark. The indices i, j labelling the elements of the conductivity matrix (2.15) refer to the two reference, orthogonal, coordinate directions. Sometimes, a similar definition of the Kubo matrix is given, where, instead, the indices i, j label the two lattice coordinate directions \({\vec {\ell }}_1,{\vec {\ell }}_2\) (‘adapted basis’). The two definitions are, of course, related in a simple way, via the transformation induced by the change of basis. In particular, the transverse conductivities defined in the orthogonal and in the adapted basis are the same, up to an overall multiplicative factor, equal to \(|{\vec {\ell }}_1\wedge {\vec {\ell }}_2|\). The longitudinal conductivities are, instead, related via a matrix relation that mixes up the diagonal and non-diagonal components of the conductivity matrix. For ease of comparison with experimental papers on graphene, or graphene-like materials, we prefer to use the definition involving the orthogonal reference directions, which we find more natural.
In the absence of interactions, the Kubo conductivity matrix of the Haldane model can be computed explicitly. Suppose that \(m_{\omega } \ne 0\), both for \(\omega =+\) and for \(\omega =-\), and let us choose the chemical potential in the spectral gap. For instance, let \(\mu = -2t_{2} \cos \phi \alpha _{1}(k_{F}^{\omega })\), which corresponds to choosing the chemical potential in the ‘middle of the gap’. Then, it turns out that [23]:
The integer \(\nu \) is the Chern number of the Bloch bundle associated to \({{\hat{H}}}({\vec {k}})\). The zeros of \(m_{\omega }=W+\omega 3\sqrt{3} t_2\sin \phi \), with \(\omega \in \{+,-\}\), define the critical curves of the Haldane model, which separate the different topological phases, corresponding to different values of \(\nu \). On the curves, the spectrum is gapless: the energy bands intersect with conical intersection, and the system displays a quantization phenomenon of the longitudinal conductivity:
while \(\sigma _{11} =\sigma _{22}= \frac{1}{4}\) at the ‘graphene points’ \(m_{+} = m_{-} = 0\).
2.3 Main Result: Interacting Topological Phases and Phase Transitions
Let us now turn on the many-body interaction, \(U\ne 0\). In previous works, it was proved that the quantization of the conductivity persists, but only for interactions of strength much smaller than the gap of\({\mathcal {H}}_0\). Our main result, summarized in the next theorem, overcomes this limitation.
Theorem 2.1
There exists \(U_{0} >0\), independent of \(W,\phi \), such that for \(|U| < U_0\) the following is true. There exist two functions, \({\mathfrak {d}}(U,W, \phi )\) and \({\mathfrak {z}}(U,W, \phi )\), analytic in U and continuously differentiable in \(W,\phi \), such that, if the chemical potential is fixed at the value \(\mu = -2t_{2} \cos \phi \alpha _{1}(k_{F}^{\omega }) {-} {\mathfrak {z}}(U,W, \phi )\), then, for all the values of \(W,\phi \) such that \({m_{\mathrm {R},\omega }}(W,\phi ):=W+\omega 3\sqrt{3} t_2\sin \phi +{\omega {\mathfrak {d}}(U,-\omega W,\phi )}\) is different from zero, both for \(\omega =+\) and for \(\omega =-\), the interacting Hall conductivity is
Moreover, the conditions \(m_\omega ^R(W,\phi )=0\), \(\omega \in \{\pm \}\), define two \(C^1\) curves \(W=W^R_\omega (\phi )\), called ‘critical curves’, which are \(C^1\) close to the unperturbed curves \(W=-\omega 3\sqrt{3} t_2\sin \phi \). The two critical curves have the same qualitative properties as the unperturbed ones, in the sense that: (i) they intersect at \((W,\phi )=(0,0), (0,\pi )\); (ii) they are one the image of the other, under the reflection \(W\rightarrow -W\); (iii) they are monotone for \(\phi \in [-\frac{\pi }{2},\frac{\pi }{2}]\); (iv) they are odd in \(\phi \), and their periodic extension to \({\mathbb {R}}\) is even under the reflection \(\phi \rightarrow \pi -\phi \).
An illustration of how the interaction deforms the critical lines is shown in Fig.2.
Illustration of the deformation of the critical lines induced by the electron–electron interaction. The solid red curve corresponds to the non-interacting Haldane model with \(t_1=1\) and \(t_2=0.1\). The dotted and dashed-dotted lines correspond to the interacting case, with ultra-local (on-site) interaction and \(U=\pm \,0.5\); the lines are computed by truncating perturbation theory to first order, see [19, Sect. III.E] for details. The connected regions of the complement of the critical lines are labelled NI (resp. TI), if they correspond to the ‘normal’ (resp. ‘topological’) insulating phase. Notice that, in the considered example, repulsive interactions have the effect of enhancing the topological insulating phase. It would be interesting to have a conceptual understanding of this phenomenon, that is, of why repulsive interactions favor the non-trivial topological phase
The main improvement of the result stated in Theorem 2.1 compared to previous works is that it establishes the quantization of the Hall conductivity for values of the coupling constant U that are much larger than the gap of the bare Hamiltonian: it states that the interaction does not change the value of the interacting Hall conductivity, provided we do not cross the interacting critical curves, which we construct explicitly; this universality of the Hall coefficient holds, in particular, arbitrarily close to the critical curves. On the critical curves the system is massless, i.e., correlations decay algebraically at large distances, and we do not have informations on the transverse conductivity coefficient. However, the critical longitudinal conductivity displays the same quantization phenomenon as the non-interacting one: namely, if \(W=W^{R}_\omega (\phi )\), for either \(\omega =+\) or \(\omega =-\), and \(\phi \ne 0,\pi \), then
while \(\sigma _{11} =\sigma _{22}= \frac{1}{4}\) for \((W,\phi )=(0,0),(0,\pi )\); see [19] for the proof.
We remark that the proof of Theorem 2.1 is constructive: therefore, a patient reader can extract from it an explicit bound on \(U_0\). Such a bound would certainly be far from optimal; optimizing it would be a non-trivial, interesting, exercise, requiring a computer-assisted proof (at least if one is interested in getting a physically significant bound). In any case, conceptually, the only important requirement should be that U is sufficiently small, compared to the bandwidth of \({\mathcal {H}}_0\), see the definition after (2.7).
Finally, concerning the model: we expect that the specific choice of the interacting Haldane model is not crucial for the validity of the result. The proof extends straightforwardly to strictly related models, such as the spin-conserving Kane–Mele model. An appropriate adaptation should apply, more generally, to any interacting Hamiltonian of the form \({\mathcal {H}} = {\mathcal {H}}_0 + U{\mathcal {V}}\), with: (i) \({\mathcal {V}}\) a short-range, spin-independent, interaction, (ii) |U| small compared to the bandwidth, and (iii) \({\mathcal {H}}_0\) a quadratic Hamiltonian that can become gapless as a parameter is varied: in the gapless case, \({\mathcal {H}}_0\) has a degenerate, point-like, Fermi surface, around which the dispersion relation has a linear, ‘graphene-like’, behavior. Note that, as discussed in the introduction, the latter condition is needed to guarantee the irrelevance of the interaction. Even if conceptually non problematic, the extension to such a general class of many-body Hamiltonians would require a discussion of their symmetry properties, in connection with the classification of the possible relevant and marginal effective coupling that can be generated under the multiscale Renormalization Group construction of the Euclidean correlations, cf. with Sect. 4 below. This goes beyond the scopes of this article: for this reason, we restrict to the specific example of the interacting Haldane model, which is physically the most relevant for applications to 2D topological insulators.
2.3.1 Strategy of the Proof
Let us give an informal summary of the main steps of the proof. For simplicity, we limit ourselves to the generic case \(W\ne 0\), \(\phi \ne 0\), the special, symmetric, complementary case (\(W=0\) and/or \(\phi =0\)) being treatable analogously. Thanks to the symmetries of the model, see Eqs.(4.7)–(4.13) below, we further restrict ourselves, without loss of generality, to the range of parameters
which corresponds to the case \(m_{+}>|m_{-}|\), where \(m_\pm \) are defined in (2.8). Note that, under these conditions, the amplitude of the bare gap is given by \(|m_-|\).
We expect the interaction to modify (‘renormalize’) in a non trivial way both the chemical potential and the width of the gapFootnote 2. In order to compute the interacting gap, we proceed as follows. For the purpose of this discussion, let us denote by \({\mathcal {H}}_0(W,\phi ,\mu )\) the non-interacting Hamiltonian (2.2), thought of as a function of the parameters \((W,\phi ,\mu )\), at fixed \(t_1,t_2\). We rewrite \(\mu \) in the form \(\mu =-2t_{2}\cos \phi \, \alpha _{1}(k_{F}^{\omega })-{{\mathfrak {z}}}\), and, recalling that \(W=m_-+3\sqrt{3} t_2\sin \phi \), we rewrite \(W=(m_--{{\mathfrak {d}}})+3\sqrt{3}t_2\sin \phi +{{\mathfrak {d}}} \equiv m_{\text {R},-}+3\sqrt{3}t_2\sin \phi +{{\mathfrak {d}}}\), where the parameter \({{\mathfrak {d}}}\) will be chosen in such a way that \(m_{\text {R},-}=m_--{{\mathfrak {d}}}\) has the interpretation of renormalized gap. By using these rewritings, we find:
where
Let us now introduce the reference Hamiltonian \(\mathcal H^{\text {R}}\), thought of as a function of the parameters \(U,m_{\text {R},-},\phi \), defined by
Note that \({\mathcal {H}}\) in (2.21) has the same form as \({\mathcal {H}}^{\text {R}}\) in (2.22), with the important difference that in passing from \({\mathcal {H}}\) to \(\mathcal H^{\text {R}}\), the parameters \({\mathfrak {d}}\) and \({\mathfrak {z}}\) have been replaced by the two functions \(\delta (U,m_{\text {R},-},\phi )\) and \(\xi (U,m_{\text {R},-},\phi )\); for the moment, these two functions should be thought of as being arbitrary: they will be conveniently fixed below. Therefore, \({\mathcal {H}}^\text {R}\) is in general different from the original Hamiltonian \({\mathcal {H}}\). However, by construction, \({\mathcal {H}}={\mathcal {H}}^{\text {R}}\), provided that \(\mu =-2t_{2}\cos \phi \, \alpha _{1}(k_{F}^{\omega })-\xi (U,m_{\text {R},-},\phi )\), and \(m_{\text {R},-}\) is a solution of the fixed point equation
Our construction, described below, will allow us to fix the counterterms \(\xi (U,m_{\text {R},-},\phi )\) and \(\delta (U,m_{\text {R},-},\phi )\) in such a way that they are small, of order O(U), and that, as anticipated above, \(m_{\text {R},-}\) has the interpretation of renormalized gap: in particular, the condition \(m_{\text {R},-}\ne 0\) implies that the system is massive, that is, correlations decay exponentially at large distances, with decay rate \(m_{\text {R},-}\).
Given these definitions, the main steps of the proof are the following.
-
(i)
We introduce the Euclidean correlations and the Euclidean Hall conductivity, which are formally obtained from the corresponding real-time formulas via a ‘Wick rotation’ of the time variable. In Lemma 3.4, by differentiating the Ward Identities associated with the continuity equation, and by combining the result with the Schwinger–Dyson equation, we show that the Euclidean Hall conductivity of \({\mathcal {H}}^{\text{ R }}\) is constant in U, provided that \(\xi (U,m_{\text {R},-},\phi ),\delta (U,m_{\text {R},-},\phi )\) are differentiable in U and that the Fourier transform of the Euclidean correlation functions is smooth (i.e., at least of class \(C^{3}\)) in the momenta, for any fixed \(m_{\text {R},-}\ne 0\).
-
(ii)
As a second step, we prove the assumptions of Lemma 3.4. More precisely, we prove that there exist two functions \(\xi (U, m_{\text {R}, -}, \phi )\) and \(\delta (U, m_{\text {R}, -}, \phi )\), analytic in U, such that the Euclidean correlations of the model (2.22) are analytic in U and, if \(m_{\text {R},-}\ne 0\), they are exponentially decaying at large space-time distances, with decay rate \(m_{\text {R},-}\); in particular, if \(m_{\text {R},-} \ne 0\), their Fourier transform is smooth in the momenta.
-
(iii)
Next, we prove the equivalence between the original model and the model with Hamiltonian \({\mathcal {H}}^{\text {R}}\), anticipated above. In particular, we prove that \(\delta \) is differentiable in \(m_{\text {R}, -}\), with small (i.e., O(U)) derivative; therefore, eq. (2.23) can be solved via the implicit function theorem, thus giving
$$\begin{aligned} m_{\text {R},-} =W-3\sqrt{3} t_2\sin \phi {-{\mathfrak {d}}(U,W,\phi )}, \end{aligned}$$(2.24)and we show that \(|{\mathfrak {d}}(U,W,\phi )|\leqslant C|U| (W+\sin \phi )\). The equation for the interacting critical curve has the form: \(W=3\sqrt{3}\,t_{2}\sin \phi +\delta (U,0,\phi )=(1+O(U))\,3\sqrt{3} t_2\sin \phi \).
-
(iv)
Finally, once we derived explicit estimates on the decay properties of the Euclidean correlations, we infer the identity between the Euclidean and the real-time Kubo conductivity, via [2, Lemma B.1].
The key technical difference with respect to the strategy in [22] is the rewriting of the model in terms of the renormalized reference Hamiltonian \({\mathcal {H}}^{\text {R}}_0\): this allows us to take into account the renormalization of the gap and of the chemical potential, which characterizes the interacting critical point of the theory.
3 Lattice Conservation Laws and Universality
In this section, we show how lattice conservation laws can be used to prove the universality of the Euclidean Kubo conductivity, see step (i) above. The main result of this section is summarized in Lemma 3.4. Before getting to this lemma, in Sect. 3.1 we introduce the Euclidean formalism and derive the Ward identities, associated with the lattice continuity equation (2.9), for the Euclidean correlations. In Sects. 3.1.1 and 3.1.2 we differentiate and manipulate the Ward identities, under the assumption that the current–current correlations are sufficiently smooth in momentum space, thus getting some important identities, summarized in Lemma 3.1 and 3.2. Finally, in Sect. 3.2, we prove Lemma 3.4, by combining these identities with the Schwinger–Dyson equation.
3.1 Euclidean Formalism and Ward Identities
Given an operator \({\mathcal {O}}\) on \({\mathcal {F}}_{L}\) and \(t\in [0, \beta )\), we define the imaginary-time evolution generated by the Hamiltonian \({\mathcal {H}}^\text {R}\), Eq. (2.22), as: \({\mathcal {O}}_{t} := e^{t {\mathcal {H}}^{\text {R}}} {\mathcal {O}} e^{-t{\mathcal {H}}^{\text {R}}}\). Notice that \({\mathcal {O}}_{t} \equiv {\mathcal {O}}(-it)\), with \({\mathcal {O}}(t)\) the real-time evolution generated by \({\mathcal {H}}^{\text {R}}\). Given n operators \({\mathcal {O}}_{t_{1}}^{(1)},\ldots , {\mathcal {O}}_{t_{n}}^{(n)}\) on \({\mathcal {F}}_{L}\), each of which (i) can be written as a polynomial in the time-evolved creation and annihilation operators \(\psi ^\pm _{(t,{\vec {x}}),\rho } = e^{t {\mathcal {H}}^\text {R}} \psi ^\pm _{ {\vec {x}},\rho }e^{-t{\mathcal {H}}^\text {R}}\), (ii) is normal-ordered, and (iii) is either even or odd in \(\psi ^\pm _{(t,{\vec {x}}),\rho }\), we define their time-ordered average, or Euclidean correlation function, as:
where the (linear) operator \({\mathbf {T}}\) is the fermionic time-ordering, acting on a product of fermionic operators as:
where \(\varepsilon _i\in \{\pm \}\) (with the understanding \(\psi ^-_{(t,{\vec {x}}),\rho ,s}\equiv \psi _{(t,{\vec {x}}),\rho ,s}\) and \(\psi ^+_{(t,{\vec {x}}),\rho ,s}\equiv \psi ^\dagger _{(t,{\vec {x}}),\rho ,s}\)), and \(\pi \) is a permutation of \(\{1,\ldots , n\}\) with signature \(\text {sgn}(\pi )\) such that \(t_{\pi (1)}\geqslant \ldots \geqslant t_{\pi (n)}\). If some operators are evaluated at the same time, the ambiguity is solved by normal ordering. We also denote the connected Euclidean correlation function, or cumulant, by \(\langle \mathbf{T}\, {\mathcal {O}}^{(1)}_{t_1}\,; {\mathcal {O}}^{(2)}_{t_2}\,; \cdots \,; {\mathcal {O}}^{(n)}_{t_{n}} \rangle _{\beta ,L}^{\text {R}}\).
Let O be a self-adjoint operator on \({\mathcal {F}}_{L}\). We define its time Fourier transform as: \(\widehat{{\mathcal {O}}}_{p_0} = \int _{0}^{\beta } dt\, e^{-ip_0 t} {\mathcal {O}}_{t}\) with \(p_0 \in \frac{2\pi }{\beta }{\mathbb {Z}}\) the Matsubara frequencies. Also, we denote by \(\widehat{{\mathcal {O}}}_{\mathbf{p}}\), for \(\mathbf{p}= (p_{0}, p_{1}, p_{2})\), the joint space-time Fourier transform of the operator \({\mathcal {O}}_{(t,{\vec {x}})}\):
with \(\mathbf{x}= (t, x_{1}, x_{2})\equiv (x_{0}, x_{1}, x_{2})\).
Let \(j_{\mu , {\vec {x}}}\), with \(\mu \in \{0,1,2\}\), be the three-component operator such that \(j_{0,{\vec {x}}}:=n_{{\vec {x}}}\), while \(j_{i,{\vec {x}}}\), with \(i\in \{1,2\}\), are the components of the total current along the reference, orthogonal, coordinate directions, see (2.14). Note that \(j_{\mu ,{\vec {x}}}\) is the natural current operator, associated both with \({\mathcal {H}}\) and with \(\mathcal H^{\text {R}}\), because \(i[{\mathcal {H}},n_{{\vec {x}}}]=i[\mathcal H^{\text {R}},n_{{\vec {x}}}]\). Therefore, its imaginary-time evolution with respect to \({\mathcal {H}}^{\text {R}}\) satisfies the analogue of the continuity equation (2.11), cf. with (3.5) below. We define the normalized current–current correlation functions as:
for \(\mu _i\in \{0,1,2\}\). We also denote the infinite volume, zero temperature limit of the Euclidean correlations by: \({\widehat{K}}^{\text {R}}_{\mu _{1}, \ldots , \mu _{n}}(\mathbf{p}_{1}, \ldots , \mathbf{p}_{n-1}) := \lim _{\beta \rightarrow \infty }\lim _{L\rightarrow \infty } {\widehat{K}}_{\mu _{1}, \ldots , \mu _{n}}^{\beta , L; \text {R}}(\mathbf{p}_{1}, \ldots , \mathbf{p}_{n-1})\). The Euclidean conductivity matrix for \({\mathcal {H}}^{\text {R}}\) is
where, in the second term, \(\pmb {\langle }\cdot \pmb {\rangle }_{\infty }^R:=\lim _{\beta \rightarrow \infty }\lim _{L\rightarrow \infty }\frac{1}{L^{2}} \langle \cdot \rangle _{\beta , L}^{\text {R}}\), and the expression \([ {\mathcal {J}}_{j}, {\mathcal {X}}_{i} ]\) must be understood as explained in the footnote 1 above. This definition can be obtained via a formal ‘Wick rotation’ of the time variable, \(t\rightarrow -it\), starting from the original definition of the Kubo conductivity, (2.15), see, e.g., [17]. A posteriori, we will see that in our context the two definitions coincide, see Sect. 5 below.
The structure correlation functions, and hence the conductivity, is severely constrained by lattice Ward identities. These are nonperturbative implications of lattice continuity equation, which we rewrite here in imaginary time (cf. with (2.11)):
where we used the notation \(\text {div}_{{\vec {x}}}{\vec {\jmath }}_{\mathbf{x}}:=\sum _{i=1,2}\text {d}_{i}\tilde{\text {J}}_{i,\mathbf{x}}\).
For instance, consider the current–current correlation functionFootnote 3,
where \(\theta (t)\) is the Heaviside step function and the correlations in the right side are the time-unordered ones (i.e., they are defined without the action of the time-ordering operator). Using the continuity equation Eq. (3.5):
Let us now take the Fourier transform of both sides: integrating by parts w.r.t. \(x_0\) and using (3.7), we find
where we used that \(\tilde{\text {J}}_{i,\mathbf{x}}={\vec {\jmath }}_{\mathbf{x}}\cdot \frac{{\vec {G}}_i}{2\pi }\), with \({\vec {G}}_i\), \(i=1,2\), the vectors of the dual basis, see definition in Sect. 2.1. More generally, denoting \((0,\nu _2,\ldots ,\nu _{n})\) by \((0,{{\underline{\nu }}})\), one has:
with \(C_{\nu }(\mathbf{p}_{1}, \mathbf{p}_{2}) = \int _{0}^{\beta } dt\, e^{-it (\omega _{1} + \omega _{2})} [ {{\hat{\jmath }}}_{0,(t, {\vec {p}}_{1})}\,, {\hat{\jmath }}_{\nu , (t, {\vec {p}}_{2})}]\) (here, with some abuse of notation, we let \({{\hat{\jmath }}}_{\mu ,(t,{\vec {p}})}\) be the imaginary-time evolution at time t of \({{\hat{\jmath }}}_{\mu ,{\vec {p}}}\)), and with the understanding that \(\mathbf{p}_{n} = -\mathbf{p}_{1} - \ldots - \mathbf{p}_{n-1}\). Even more generally, the identity remains valid if some of the current operators \(j_{\nu _i,\mathbf{p}_i}\) are replaced by other local operators \(\hat{{\mathcal {O}}}_{i,\mathbf{p}_i}\): in this case, of course, the operators \(C_{\nu _i}\) must be modified accordingly. In the following, we will be interested in replacing one of the current operators either by the staggered density
where \(n_{\mathbf{p},\rho }\) is the Fourier transform of \(n_{(t,{\vec {x}}),\rho }:=\sum _\sigma \psi ^+_{(t,{\vec {x}}),\rho ,\sigma }\psi ^-_{(t,{\vec {x}}),\rho ,\sigma }\), or by the quartic interaction potential
As we shall see below, the combination of the identity (3.9) together with the regularity of the correlation functions has remarkable implications on the structure of the correlations.
3.1.1 Consequences of the Ward Identities for \(C^1\) Correlations
Here we start by discussing the consequences of the Ward identities for continuously differentiable correlations.
Lemma 3.1
Let \(\mathbf{p}_{\beta , L} \in \frac{2\pi }{\beta }{\mathbb {Z}} \times \frac{2\pi }{L} {\mathbb {Z}}^{2}\), such that \(\lim _{\beta , L\rightarrow \infty }\mathbf{p}_{\beta , L} = \mathbf{p}\in B_{\varepsilon }(\mathbf{0}) := \{\mathbf{q}\in {\mathbb {R}}^{2} \mid |\mathbf{q}|<\varepsilon \}\), for some \(\varepsilon >0\). Suppose that \({{\widehat{K}}}^{\text {R}}_{\mu ,\nu }(\mathbf{p}) = \lim _{\beta ,L\rightarrow \infty } {{\widehat{K}}}^{\beta , L; \text {R}}_{\mu ,\nu }(\mathbf{p}_{\beta , L})\) and \({{\widehat{S}}}^{\text {R}}_{j}(\mathbf{p}) = \lim _{\beta ,L\rightarrow \infty } {{\widehat{S}}}^{\beta , L; \text {R}}_{j}(\mathbf{p}_{\beta , L})\) exist and that \({{\widehat{K}}}^{\text {R}}_{\mu ,\nu }(\mathbf{p}), {\widehat{S}}^{\text {R}}_{j}(\mathbf{p}) \in C^{1}(B_{\varepsilon }(\mathbf{0}))\). Then,
Proof
Consider Eq. (3.8) with \(\nu = j\), in the \(\beta , L\rightarrow \infty \) limit. We differentiate both sides w.r.t. \(p_{i}\), and take the limit \(\mathbf{p}\rightarrow \mathbf{0}\), thus getting (recall that \({\vec {\ell }}_i\cdot {\vec {G}}_j=2\pi \delta _{i,j}\)):
Now, recall the definition of \({\widehat{S}}^{\beta ,L;\text {R}}_{j}(\mathbf{p})\) from Eq. (3.8): \({\widehat{S}}^{\beta ,L;\text {R}}_{j}(\mathbf{0})=- i\sum _{{\vec {x}}} e^{-i{\vec {p}}\cdot {\vec {x}}} \langle [n_{{\vec {x}}}\, , j_{j, {\vec {0}}} ] \rangle ^{\text {R}}_{\beta ,L}\), where we also used that \(j_{0,{\vec {x}}}=n_{{\vec {x}}}\). Taking the limit \(\beta ,L\rightarrow \infty \) and the derivative with respect to \(p_i\), we get \( \frac{\partial }{\partial p_{i}} {{\widehat{S}}}^{\text {R}}_{j}(\mathbf{0})=-\pmb {\langle } [\mathcal X_{i},{\mathcal {J}}_j ] \pmb {\rangle }^{\text {R}}_{\infty }\), where \(\pmb {\langle }\cdot \pmb {\rangle }_{\infty }^R\) was defined in (3.4), and the expression \([ {\mathcal {J}}_{j}, {\mathcal {X}}_{i} ]\) must be understood as explained in the footnote 1 above. In conclusion,
and, if we plug this identity in (3.4), noting that \(\pmb {\langle } [{\mathcal {J}}_j, {\mathcal {X}}_{i} ] \pmb {\rangle }^{\text {R}}_{\infty }\) is even under the exchange 
, we obtain the desired identity. \(\square \)
3.1.2 Consequences of the Ward Identities for \(C^{3}\) Correlations
Next, we discuss some other implications of the Ward identities for \(C^3\) three-point correlations of the current operator (twice) with either the staggered density \({{\hat{j}}}_{3,\mathbf{p}}\) (see (3.10)), or the interaction potential (see (3.11)), defined as
We also let
be the new Schwinger terms (recall that \({{{C}}}_j\) was defined right after (3.9)). As usual, we denote by \({\widehat{K}}^{\text {R}}_{\mu , \nu , \sharp }\), \({\widehat{S}}^{\text {R}}_{j, \sharp }\) the \(\beta , L\rightarrow \infty \) limits of \({\widehat{K}}^{\beta , L; \text {R}}_{\mu , \nu , \sharp }(\cdots )\), \({\widehat{S}}^{\beta , L; \text {R}}_{j, \sharp }(\cdots )\), with \(\sharp \in \{3,V\}\).
Lemma 3.2
Let \(\sharp \in \{0,3,V\}\). Suppose that the limiting functions \({\widehat{K}}^{\text {R}}_{\mu , \nu , \sharp }(\mathbf{p},\mathbf{q})\), \({\widehat{S}}^{\text {R}}_{j, \sharp }(\mathbf{p},\mathbf{q})\) exist in \(B_{\varepsilon }(\mathbf{0})\times B_\varepsilon (\mathbf{0})\), and that they are of class \(C^{3}\) in this domain. Then:
In particular, the left side of Eq. (3.18) vanishes as \(p_{0}\rightarrow 0\).
Proof
Taking the \(\beta ,L\rightarrow \infty \) limit of the Ward Identity (3.9) with \({{\underline{\nu }}}=(0,\sharp )\), we find
Similarly, choosing \({{\underline{\nu }}}=(j,\sharp )\)
and, exchanging the roles of \(\mathbf{p}\) and \(\mathbf{q}\), we also get
Combining (3.19) with (3.21), we find
We now derive w.r.t. \(p_{i}, q_{j}\), and then set \(\mathbf{p}= -\mathbf{q}= (p_{0}, {\vec {0}})\), thus findingFootnote 4:
Finally, notice that \(\partial _{p_{1,j}} S^{\text {R}}_{i, \sharp }\big ((-p_0,{\vec {0}}),(p_0,{\vec {0}})\big )\) is constant in \(p_{0}\) (recall the definition of Schwinger term, Eq. (3.16), and of \(C_{j}\), Eq. (3.9)). Therefore, after differentiation in \(p_{0}\), the final claim follows. \(\square \)
3.2 Universality of the Euclidean Conductivity Matrix
Here we prove the universality of the Euclidean conductivity matrix, defined in Eq. (3.4). We restrict to the range of parameters (2.20), as discussed at the beginning of Sect. 2.3.1. In terms of the renormalized parameters, we restate (2.20) as
where
A key ingredient in the proof is the following regularity result for the correlation functions.
Proposition 3.3
There exists \(U_{0}>0\) such that, for \(|U|<U_{0}\) and for parameters \((\phi ,m_{\text {R},-})\) in the range (3.24), the following is true. There exist functions \(\xi (U, m_{\text {R}, -}, \phi )\), \(\delta (U, m_{\text {R}, -}, \phi )\), analytic in U and vanishing at \(U=0\), such that the Euclidean correlation functions \({{\widehat{K}}}^{\text {R}}_{\mu ,\nu }(\mathbf{p})\), \({\widehat{K}}^{\text {R}}_{\mu , \nu , \sharp }(\mathbf{p}, \mathbf{q})\), as well as the Schwinger terms \({\widehat{S}}^{\text {R}}_{j}(\mathbf{p})\), \({\widehat{S}}^{\text {R}}_{j, \sharp }(\mathbf{p},\mathbf{q})\), with \(\sharp \in \{0,3,V\}\), are analytic in U; moreover, if \(m_{\text {R},-}\ne 0\), they are \(C^{3}\) in \(\mathbf{p}, \mathbf{q}\in B_{\varepsilon }(\mathbf{0})\), uniformly in U and \(\phi \).
The proof of this proposition is postponed to the next section. Its content, combined with the (consequences of the) Ward identities discussed above, immediately implies the universality of the Euclidean conductivity matrix.
Lemma 3.4
Under the same assumptions as Proposition 3.3, if \(m_{R,-}\ne 0\), then
Proof
(Assuming the validity of Proposition 3.3). Thanks to Proposition 3.3, we know that the correlation functions \({{\widehat{K}}}^{\text {R}}_{\mu ,\nu }(\mathbf{p})\), \({\widehat{K}}^{\text {R}}_{\mu , \nu , \sharp }(\mathbf{p}, \mathbf{q})\), and the Schwinger terms \({\widehat{S}}^{\text {R}}_{j}(\mathbf{p})\), \({\widehat{S}}^{\text {R}}_{j, \sharp }(\mathbf{p},\mathbf{q})\), with \(\sharp \in \{0,3,V\}\), are \(C^{2}\) in \(\mathbf{p}, \mathbf{q}\in B_{\varepsilon }(\mathbf{0})\), for \(|U|< U_0\). Therefore, we can apply Lemma 3.1 and Lemma 3.2. Using Lemma 3.1, we rewrite the Euclidean conductivity matrix as:
Then, we rewrite \({\widehat{K}}^{\text {R}}_{i,j}\) in terms of the non-interacting current–current correlation associated with \({\mathcal {H}}_0^{\text {R}}\), via the following interpolation formula:
where \({\widehat{K}}^{\text {R},U'}_{i,j}(\mathbf{p})\) is the correlation associated with the (\(\beta ,L\rightarrow \infty \) limit of the) Gibbs measure with Hamiltonian
cf. with Eq. (2.22). Computing the derivative in \(U'\):
We now take the derivative w.r.t. \(p_{0}\) and take \(p_0\rightarrow 0\). Using Lemma 3.2, we immediately get:
that is, \(\sigma ^{\text {E},\text {R}}_{ij}= \sigma ^{\text {E}, \text {R}}_{ij}\Big |_{U=0}\) (we recall that \(\sigma ^{\text {E}, \text {R}}_{ij}\Big |_{U=0}\) is the non-interacting Euclidean conductivity associated with the quadratic Hamiltonian \(\mathcal H_0^{\text {R}}\) at \(m_{\text {R},-}\), which is assumed to be different from zero). The final claim, Eq. (3.26), follows from a direct computation of the non-interacting conductivity, cf. with [22, Appendix B, Eq. (B.8)]. \(\square \)
4 Proof of Proposition 3.3
The proof of Proposition 3.3 is a rather standard application of RG methods for fermions (see, e.g., [11, 16, 18, 32] for reviews). A similar analysis for interacting graphene, which corresponds to the case \(t_{2} = W = 0\), has been discussed in [20, 21], which we refer to for further details. See also [19], where an application to the Haldane–Hubbard model was discussed. The RG construction of the ground-state correlation functions, uniformly in the gap, is ultimately made possible by the fact that the many-body interaction, in the critical, massless, case, is irrelevant in the RG sense. The only qualitative effect of the interaction, with respect to the non-interacting theory, is a finite renormalization of the gap, of the chemical potential, of the Fermi velocity and of the wave function renormalization.
We recall once more that we restrict the discussion to the range of parameters (3.24). Moreover, we assume that W is not too large, \(W\leqslant M_0\), for a pre-fixed constant \(M_0\), the case of large W being substantially simpler, and left to the reader (for large W, the system is massive and is in a trivial, non-topological, insulating phase, as it follows from the proof of [22]). Finally, for simplicity, we set \(t_1=1\), that is, we set the scale of the bandwidth equal to one.
Proof
The starting point is the well-known representation of the Euclidean correlation in terms of Grassmann integrals (see, for instance, [20, 22]). The generating functional of the correlations is denoted by \({\mathcal {W}}(f,A)\), with f an external Grassmann field coupled to the fermionic fields, and A a (five-component) external complex field conjugated to the lattice currents and the quartic interaction. We have:
where: \(\Psi ^\pm _{\mathbf{x},s}\), with \(\mathbf{x}=(x_0,{\vec {x}})\in \mathbb [0,\beta )\times \Lambda _L\) and \(s\in \{\uparrow ,\downarrow \}\), is a two-component Grassmann spinor, whose components will be denoted by \(\Psi ^\pm _{\mathbf{x},\rho ,s}\), with \(\rho =A,B\); \(P(d\Psi )\) is the fermionic Gaussian integration with propagator
where \({\mathbb {Z}}_L={\mathbb {Z}}/L{\mathbb {Z}}\) and, letting
and recalling that we set \(t_1=1\),
with the understanding that, at contact, \(g(\mathbf{x},\mathbf{x})\) should be interpreted as \(\lim _{\varepsilon \rightarrow 0^+}[g(\mathbf{x}+(\varepsilon ,{\vec {0}}),\mathbf{x}) +g(\mathbf{x}-(\varepsilon ,{\vec {0}}),\mathbf{x})]\);
where \(n_{\mathbf{x},\rho }=\sum _{s=\uparrow ,\downarrow }\Psi ^+_{\mathbf{x},\rho ,s}\Psi ^-_{\mathbf{x},\rho ,s}\) is the Grassmann counterpart of the density operator, and \(n_{\mathbf{x}}=\sum _{\rho =A,B}n_{\mathbf{x},\rho }\); finally,
where \({{\hat{J}}}_{\mathbf{p},\mu }=\int _0^\beta dx_0 \sum _{{\vec {x}}\in \Lambda _L}e^{-i\mathbf{p}\cdot \mathbf{x}} J_{\mathbf{x},\mu }\) and: \(J_{\mathbf{x},0}=n_\mathbf{x}\) is the Grassmann counterpart of the density; \(J_{\mathbf{x},1},J_{\mathbf{x},2}\) are the Grassmann counterparts of the two components of the lattice current,
with
and
\(J_{\mathbf{x},3}=n_{\mathbf{x},A}-n_{\mathbf{x},B}\) is the Grassmann counterpart of the staggered density; \(J_{\mathbf{x},4}\) is the Grassmann counterpart of the quartic interaction,
The derivatives of the generating functional computed at zero external fields equal the Euclidean correlation functions, cf. with, e.g., [19, Eq. (27), (28)]. Needless to say, the Euclidean correlations satisfy non trivial Ward Identities, following from the lattice continuity equation. For an example, cf. with [19, Eq. (19),(20)]. \(\square \)
In order to compute the generating functional \({\mathcal {W}}(f,A)\) in Eq. (4.1), we use an expansion in U, which is convergent uniformly in the volume and temperature, and uniformly close to (and even on) the critical lines \(m_{\text {R}, \pm } = 0\). Note that, in the parameter range (3.24) the propagator \({{\hat{g}}}(\mathbf{k})\) is singular only when \(m_{\text {R},-}=0\), in which case the singularity is located at \(\mathbf{k}_{F}^{-} := (0, {\vec {k}}_{F}^{-})\), with \({\vec {k}}_{F}^{\pm } = \big ( \frac{2\pi }{3}, \pm \frac{2\pi }{3\sqrt{3}} \big )\). Due to this singularity, the Grassmann integral has, a priori, an infrared problem, which we resolve by a multi-scale re-summation of the corresponding singularities.
The multi-scale computation of the generating function proceeds as follows. First of all, we distinguish the ultraviolet modes, corresponding to large values of the Matsubara frequency, from the infrared ones, by introducing two compactly supported cut-off functions, \(\chi _\pm (\mathbf{k})\), supported in the vicinity of the Fermi points \(\mathbf{k}_F^\pm =(0,{\vec {k}}_F^\pm )\); more precisely, we let \(\chi _\pm (\mathbf{k})=\chi _0(\mathbf{k}- \mathbf{k}_F^\pm )\), where \(\chi _0\) is a smooth characteristic function of the ball of radius \(a_0\), with \(a_0\) equal to, say, 1 / 3) and by letting \(\chi _{\text {uv}}(\mathbf{k})=1-\sum _{\omega =\pm }\chi _\omega (\mathbf{k})\). We correspondingly split the propagator in its ultraviolet and infrared components:
where \(g^{(1)}(\mathbf{x},\mathbf{y})\) and \(g_{\omega }^{(\leqslant 0)}(\mathbf{x},\mathbf{y})\) are defined in a way similar to Eq.(4.2), with \({{\hat{g}}}(\mathbf{k})\) replaced by \(\chi _{\text {uv}}(\mathbf{k}) {{\hat{g}}}(\mathbf{k})\) and by \(\chi _{0}(\mathbf{k}) {{\hat{g}}}(\mathbf{k}+\mathbf{k}_F^\omega )\), respectively. We then split the Grassmann field as a sum of two independent fields, with propagators \(g^{(1)}\) and \(g^{(\leqslant 0)}\):
and we rewrite the Grassmann Gaussian integration as the product of two independent Gaussians: \(P(d\Psi )=P(d\Psi ^{(\leqslant 0)})P(d\Psi ^{(1)})\). By construction, the integration of the ‘ultraviolet’ field \(\Psi ^{(1)}\) does not have any infrared singularity and, therefore, can be performed in a straightforward manner, thus allowing us to rewrite the generating function \({\mathcal {W}}(f,A)\) as the logarithm of
where \(V^{(0)}\) and \(B^{(0)}\) are, respectively, the effective potential and the effective source: they are defined by the conditions that \(V^{(0)}(0)=0\) and \(B^{(0)}(0,f,A)=B^{(0)}(\Psi ,0,0)=0\). The normalization constant \({\mathcal {N}}_0\) is fixed in such a way that \({\mathcal {N}}_0=\int P(d\Psi ^{(\leqslant 0)})e^{-V^{(0)}(\Psi ^{(\leqslant 0)})}\). All \(\mathcal W^{(0)}\), \(V^{(0)}\) and \(B^{(0)}\) are expressed as series of monomials in the \(\Psi ,f,A\) fields, whose kernels (given by the sum of all possible Feynman diagrams with fixed number and fixed space-time location of the external legs) are analytic functions of the interaction strength, for U sufficiently small. The precise statement and the proof of these claims are essentially identical to those of [20, Lemma 2], see also [22, Lemma 5.2] or [17, Section 6]; details will not belabored here and are left to the reader.
In order to integrate the infrared scales, one has to exploit certain lattice symmetries of the model (which replace those of [20, Lemma 1]), which allow us to reduce the number of independent relevant and marginal terms generated by the multi-scale integration. In particular, the symmetries under which the effective potential \(V^{(0)}(\Psi )\) is invariant are the following [19, Sect. III.B].
(1) Discrete rotation:
where, denoting the Pauli matrices by \(\sigma _1,\sigma _2,\sigma _3\), we defined
that is, T is the spatial rotation by \(2\pi /3\) in the counter-clockwise direction.
(2) Complex conjugation:
where \(c\in {\mathbb {C}}\) is a generic constant appearing in \(P(d\Psi )\) or in \(V(\psi )\) and \(c^*\) is its complex conjugate.
(3) Horizontal reflections:
where \(R_h\mathbf{k}'=(k_0',-k_1',k_2')\).
(4) Vertical reflections:
where \(R_v\mathbf{k}'=(k_0',k_1',-k_2')\).
(5) Particle-hole:
where \(P\mathbf{k}'=(k_0',-k_1',-k_2')\).
(6) Magnetic reflections:
These symmetries have nonperturbative consequences on the structure of the effective interaction action \(V^{(0)}\). At fixed \(W,\phi \), the theory is invariant under the transformations (1), (2)+(4), and (2)+(5). In particular, these transformations leave the quadratic part
of the effective potential \(V^{(0)}(\Psi )\) invariant (in (4.14), \(\int \frac{d\mathbf{k}'}{2\pi |{\mathcal {B}}|}\) is a shorthand for the Riemann sum \((\beta L^2)^{-1} \sum _{k_0\in \frac{2\pi }{\beta }{\mathbb {Z}}}\sum _{{\vec {k}}\in {\mathcal {B}}_L}\)). This means that:
The values of \({{\hat{W}}}_{2;\omega }^{(0)}(\mathbf{k}')\) and of its derivatives at \(\mathbf{k}'=\mathbf{0}\) define the effective coupling constants. By computing Eq. (4.15) at \(\mathbf{k}'=\mathbf{0}\), we find, for \(\omega =\pm \),
This implies:
for two real constants \(\xi _{\omega ,0}\) and \(\delta _{\omega ,0}\). Let us now discuss the structure of the derivative of the kernel of the quadratic terms. By taking the derivative of Eq. (4.15) w.r.t. \(\mathbf{k}'\) and then setting \(\mathbf{k}'=\mathbf{0}\), we get:
where \(R_v\) (resp. P) is the diagonal matrix with diagonal elements \((1,1,-1)\) (resp. \((1,-1,-1)\)). 4.18) implies that:
where \(u_\omega , z_{1,\omega },z_{2,\omega }\) are real constants.
The integration of \(\Psi ^{(\leqslant 0)}_\omega \) is performed iteratively. One rewrites \(\Psi ^{(\leqslant 0)}_{\omega } = \sum _{h\leqslant 0} \Psi ^{(h)}_{\omega }\), for suitable single-scale fields \(\Psi ^{(h)}_{\omega }\). The covariance \({{\hat{g}}}^{(h)}_{\omega }\) of \(\Psi ^{(h)}_{\omega }\), supported for quasi-momenta \(\mathbf{k}'\) such that \(a_{0}2^{h-1}\leqslant |\mathbf{k}'|\leqslant a_{0}2^{h+1}\), will be defined inductively. We consider two different regimes. The first corresponds to scales \(h\geqslant h^*_1\), with
and the rest to scales \(h^*_1\geqslant h\geqslant h^*_2\) with \(h^*_2:=\min \{0,\lfloor \log _2 |m_{R,-}|\rfloor \}\) (recall that we are focusing on the case that \(m_{R,+}>|m_{R,-}|\).). We describe the iteration in an inductive way. Assume that the fields \(\Psi ^{(0)}, \Psi ^{(-1)},\ldots ,\Psi ^{(h+1)}\), \(h\geqslant h^*_1\), have been integrated out and that after their integration the generating function has the following structure, analogous to the one at scale 0:
where \(V^{(h)}\) and \(B^{(h)}\) are, respectively, the effective potential and source terms, satisfying the conditions that \(V^{(h)}(0)=0\) and \(B^{(h)}(0,f,A)=B^{(h)}(\Psi ,0,0)=0\). The normalization constant \({\mathcal {N}}_h\) is fixed in such a way that \({\mathcal {N}}_h=\int P(d\Psi ^{(\leqslant h)})e^{-V^{(h)}(\Psi ^{(\leqslant h)})}\). Here, \(P(d\Psi ^{(\leqslant h)})\) is the Grassmann Gaussian integration with propagator (diagonal in the s and \(\omega \) indices)
where, letting
and \(\chi _h(\mathbf{k}')=\chi _0(2^{-h}\mathbf{k}')\),
with
and the understanding that \((-1)^{\rho -1}\) is equal to \(+1\), if \(\rho =A\), and equal to \(-1\), if \(\rho =B\). The quantities \(Z_{\rho ,\omega ,h}\) and \(v_{\omega ,h}\) are real, and they have, respectively, the meaning of wave function renormalizations and of effective velocities. Note that \(r_\omega ({\vec {k}}')\) and \(s_\omega ({\vec {k}}')\) are both of order \(O(|{\vec {k}}'|^2)\), while the mass satisfies (again, recall that \(m_{\text {R},+}=m_{\text {R},-}+6\sqrt{3} t_2\sin \phi \)):
By definition, the representation above is valid at the initial step, \(h=0\). In order to inductively prove its validity at the generic step, let us discuss how to pass from scale h to scale \(h-1\), that is, how to integrate out the field \(\Psi ^{(h)}\), and how to re-express the resulting effective theory in the form (4.21), with h replaced by \(h-1\). Before integrating the \(\Psi ^{(h)}\) field out, we split \(V^{(h)}\) and \(B^{(h)}\) into their local and irrelevant parts (here, for simplicity, we spell out the definitions only in the \(f=0\) case): \(V^{(h)}={{\mathcal {L}}}V^{(h)}+{{\mathcal {R}}}V^{(h)}\) and \(B^{(h)}={{\mathcal {L}}}B^{(h)}+{{\mathcal {R}}}B^{(h)}\), where, denoting the quadratic part of \(V^{(h)}\) by
and the part of \(B^{(h)}\) of order (2, 0, 1) in \((\psi ,f,A)\) by
we let:
and
By the symmetries of the model,
where \(\xi _{\omega ,h}, \delta _{\omega ,h},z_{\rho ,\omega ,h}, u_{\omega ,h}\) are real constants and \(\sigma _3\) is the third Pauli matrix. We also denote by \(\gamma _{\mu ,\omega ,h}:={{\hat{W}}}^{(h)}_{2,1;\mu ,\omega }(\mathbf{0},\mathbf{0})\) the vertex functions, entering the definition of \({{\mathcal {L}}}B^{(h)}(\Psi ,0,A)\). Notice that their structure is constrained by the Ward Identities. E.g., using [19, Eq. (20)], one finds that \(\gamma _{0,\omega ,h}=-\sum _{\rho =1}^2(Z_{\rho ,\omega ,h}+z_{\rho ,\omega ,h})n_\rho \) (where \(n_\rho =(1+(-1)^{\rho -1}\sigma _3)/2\)), \(\gamma _{1,\omega ,h}=-(v_{\omega ,h}+u_{\omega ,h})\sigma _2\), and \(\gamma _{2,\omega ,h}=-\omega (v_{\omega ,h}+u_{\omega ,h})\sigma _1\). However, in the following, we will neither need these identities, nor to identify any special structure of \(\gamma _{\mu ,\omega ,h}\), with \(\mu =3,4\).
Once the effective potential and source have been split into local and irrelevant parts, we combine the part of \({{\mathcal {L}}}V^{(h)}\) in the second line of (4.27) with the Gaussian integration \(P(d\Psi ^{(\leqslant h)})\), thus defining a dressed measure \(\tilde{P}(d\Psi ^{(\leqslant h)})\) whose propagator \({{\tilde{g}}}^{(\leqslant h)}_\omega (\mathbf{x},\mathbf{y})\) is analogous to \(g^{(\leqslant h)}_\omega (\mathbf{x},\mathbf{y})\), with the only difference that the functions \(a_{\rho ,\omega ,h}\), \(b_{\omega ,h}\) in (4.25)-(4.26) are replaced by
with
Now, by rewriting the support function \(\chi _h(\mathbf{k}')\) in the definition of \({{\tilde{g}}}^{(\leqslant h)}_\omega (\mathbf{x},\mathbf{y})\) as \(\chi _h(\mathbf{k}')=f_h(\mathbf{k}')+\chi _{h-1}(\mathbf{k}')\), we correspondingly rewrite: \({{\tilde{g}}}^{(\leqslant h)}_\omega (\mathbf{x},\mathbf{y})=\tilde{g}^{(h)}_\omega (\mathbf{x},\mathbf{y})+g^{(\leqslant h-1)}_\omega (\mathbf{x},\mathbf{y})\), where \(g^{(\leqslant h-1)}_\omega (\mathbf{x},\mathbf{y})\) is defined exactly as in (4.25), (4.26), with h replaced by \(h-1\), and \(Z_{\rho ,\omega ,h-1}, v_{\omega ,h-1}\) defined by the flow equations:
We are now ready to integrate the fields on scale h. We define:
where \({{\tilde{P}}}(d\Psi ^{(h)})\) is the Gaussian integration with propagator \({{\tilde{g}}}^{(h)}_\omega \),
and \(C_h^{-1}= \int \tilde{P}(d\Psi ^{(h)})e^{-F_\xi ^{(h)}(\Psi ^{(h)})+{{\mathcal {R}}}V^{(h)}(\Psi ^{(h)})}\). Finally, letting \({\mathcal {W}}^{(h-1)}={\mathcal {W}}^{(h)}+w^{(h)}\), we obtain the same expression as (4.21), with h replaced by \(h-1\). This concludes the proof of the inductive step, corresponding to the integration of the fields on scale h, with \(h\geqslant h^*_1\). By construction, the running coupling constants \({\vec {\tau }}_h=(\xi _{\omega ,h},\delta _{\omega ,h}, Z_{A,\omega ,h}, Z_{B,\omega ,h},v_{\omega ,h})_{\omega \in \{\pm \}}\) verify the following recursive equations:
for suitable functions \(\beta ^\sharp _{\omega ,h}\), known as the (components of the) beta function. Note that the initial data \(\xi _{\omega ,0},\delta _{\omega ,0},Z_{\rho ,\omega ,0},v_{\omega ,0}\) are analytically close to \(\xi ,\delta ,1,\frac{3}{2} \), respectively; they are not exactly independent of the indices \(\rho ,\omega \), due to the effect of the ultraviolet integration. However, for small values of \(m_{\text {R},+}\), the difference between the initial data, for different values of the indices, differ at most by \(O(U m_{\text {R},+})\) (note that \(m_{\text {R},+}=O(|m_{\text {R},+}|+\sin \phi )\)). As we shall see below, the running coupling constants remain analytically close to their initial data, for all \(h\leqslant 0\). Similarly, the vertex functions satisfy recursive equations driven by the running coupling constants themselves:
whose solution remains analytically close to the corresponding initial data, for all \(h\leqslant 0\).
From the structure and properties of the effective propagator on scale h, see (4.25) and following lines, one recognizes that the effective theory at scale h is a lattice regularization of a theory of relativistic fermions with masses \(m_{\text {R}, \pm }\). As anticipated above, \(Z_{\rho ,\omega ,h}\) and \(v_{\omega ,h}\) remain analytically close to their initial data \(1,\frac{3}{2}\), for all \(h\leqslant 0\): therefore, it is straightforward to check that the single scale propagator satisfies
Moreover, the single-scale propagator admits the decomposition:
where \(G^{(h)}_{\omega }(\mathbf{x},\mathbf{y})\) is obtained from \(g^{(h)}_\omega (\mathbf{x},\mathbf{y})\) by setting \(m_{\text {R},\omega }=0\), and where the remainder term \(g^{(h)}_{\omega ,r}\) satisfies the same bound as \(g^{(h)}_\omega \) times an extra factor \(m_{\text {R}, \omega } 2^{-h}\), which is small, for all scales larger than \(h^*_1\).
Due to the fact that \(m_{\text {R}, +} \geqslant |m_{R, -}|\), once we reach the scale \(h = h^{*}_{1}\), the infrared propagator of the field corresponding to \(\omega = +\) satisfies the following bound:
that is, it admits the same qualitative bound as the corresponding single scale propagator on scale \(h = h^{*}_{1}\). For this reason, it can be integrated in a single step, without any further need for a multiscale analysis. We do so and, after its integration, we are left with an effective theory on scales \(h\leqslant h^*_1\), depending only on \(\Psi ^{(\leqslant h^{*}_{1})}_{-}\), which we integrate in a multiscale fashion, similar to the one described above, until the scale \(h = h^{*}_{2}\) is reached. At that point, the infrared propagator \(g^{(\leqslant h_2^*)}_-\) satisfies a bound similar to (4.32), with \(h^{*}_{1}\) replaced by \(h^{*}_{2}\), and the corresponding field can be integrated in a single step. The outcome of the final integration is the desired generating function.
The iterative integration procedure described above provides an explicit algorithm for computing the kernels of the effective potential and sources. In particular, they can be represented as sums of Gallavotti–Nicolò trees, identical to those of [20, Section 3], modulo the following minor differences. The endpoints v on scale \(h_{v} = +1\) are associated either with \(F^{(0)}_\xi (\Psi ^{(\leqslant 0)})\), or with \(F^{(0)}_\delta (\Psi ^{(\leqslant 0)})\), or with \({\mathcal {L}}B^{(0)}(\Psi ^{(\leqslant 0)},f,A)\), or with one of the terms in \({{\mathcal {R}}}{{\mathcal {V}}}^{(0)}(\Psi ^{(\leqslant 0)})\) or in \({{\mathcal {R}}}B^{(0)}(\Psi ^{(\leqslant 0)},f,A)\); the endpoints on scale \(h_{v}\leqslant 0\) are, instead, associated either with \(F^{(h_v-1)}_\xi (\Psi ^{(\leqslant h_v-1)})\), or with \(F^{(h_v-1)}_\delta (\Psi ^{(\leqslant h_v-1)})\), or with \({{\mathcal {L}}}B^{(h_v-1)}(\Psi ^{(\leqslant h_v-1)},f,A)\). The most important novelty of the present construction, as compared with [20], is the presence of the relevant couplings \(\xi _{\omega ,h},\delta _{\omega ,h}\), whose flow must be controlled by properly choosing the counterterms \(\xi \) and \(\delta \), see discussion below. Recall that the flows of \(\xi _{+,h}\) and \(\delta _{+,h}\) stop at scale \(h^*_1\); for smaller scales, we let \(\xi _{+,h'}=\delta _{+,h'}=0\), \(\forall h'<h^*_1\). Similarly, we let the other running coupling constants with \(\omega =+\), that is, \(Z_{\rho ,+,h}\) and \(v_{+,h}\), be zero for scales smaller than \(h^*_1\). It turns out that the tree expansion is absolutely convergent, provided that U is small enough and the relevant couplings remain small, uniformly in the scale \(h\leqslant 0\). More precisely, the kernels of the effective potential satisfy the following bound (a similar statement is valid, of course, for the kernels of the effective source). Notation-wise, we let \(W_n^{(h)}(\mathbf{x}_1,\ldots ,\mathbf{x}_n)\) be the kernel of the effective potential \({\mathcal {V}}^{(h)}(\Psi )\) associated with the monomial in \(\Psi \) of order n; of course, \(W^{(h)}_n\) is non zero only if n is even. The arguments \(\mathbf{x}_1,\ldots ,\mathbf{x}_n\) are the space-time coordinates of the Grassmann fields; the kernel implicitly depends also on the \(\rho ,\omega \) indices of the external fields, but we do not spell out their dependence explicitly. We also let \(\Vert W^{(h)}_n\Vert _1:=\int d\mathbf{x}_2\cdots d\mathbf{x}_n |W^{(h)}_n(\mathbf{x}_1,\ldots ,\mathbf{x}_n)|\) (here \(\int d\mathbf{x}\) is a shorthand for \(\int _0^\beta dx_0\sum _{{\vec {x}}\in \Lambda _L}\)), which is independent of \(\mathbf{x}_1\), due to translational invariance.
Lemma 4.1
There exist positive constants \(U_0, \theta , C_0\), such that the following is true. Suppose that \(\max _{\rho ,\omega ,k\geqslant h}\{|Z_{\rho ,\omega ,k} - 1|,|v_{\omega , k} - \frac{3}{2}|,|\xi _{\omega , k}|,|\delta _{\omega , k}|\}\leqslant C|U|\). Then, the kernels of the effective potential on scale \(h-1\) are analytic in U for \(|U|\leqslant U_0/(C+1)\), and satisfy the bound
The components of the beta function are analytic in U in the same domain, and satisfy:
The proof of the lemma goes along the same lines as the proof of [20, Theorem 2], see also the review [18], and will not be repeated here. Two key ingredients in the proof are: the representation of the iterated truncated expectations in terms of the Brydges–Battle–Federbush determinant formula, and the Gram-Hadamard bound. The factors \(2^{\theta h}\) appearing in the right sides of (4.33), (4.34) and (4.35), represent a ‘dimensional gain’, as compared to a more basic, naive, dimensional bound, proportional to \(2^{(3-n)h}\), which is suggested by the fact that the scaling dimension of the contributions to the effective potential with n external fermionic is equal to \(3-n\), in the RG jargon (we use the convention that positive/negative scaling dimensions correspond to relevant/irrelevant operators). Such a dimensional gain is due to the RG irrelevance of the quartic interaction (note that \(3-n=-1\) for \(n=4\)) and to the so-called short-memory property of the Gallavotti-Nicolò trees (“long trees are exponentially suppressed”): all the contributions to the effective potential associated with trees that have at least one endpoint on scale \(+1\) have this additional exponentially decaying factor. The only contributions not having such a gain are those associated with trees without endpoints on scale \(+1\). The key remark is that, since the running coupling constants are all associated with quadratic contributions in the fermionic fields, such contributions are very simple and explicit: they can all be represented as sums of linear Feynman diagrams with two external legs (‘chain diagrams’), obtained by contracting in all possible ways the two-legged vertices corresponding to the running coupling constants \(\xi _{\omega ,k},\delta _{\omega ,k}\). Therefore, they only contribute to the quadratic part of the effective potential, and they lead to the first term in the right side of (4.33). Note also that such diagrams do not contribute to the beta function: in fact, the beta function at scale h is obtained by taking the ‘local part’ of \(W_{2}^{(h)}\), which is equal to the value of the Fourier transform \({{\widehat{W}}}_2^{(2)}\) at \(\mathbf{k}'=\mathbf{0}\). If we compute the chain diagrams at \(\mathbf{k}'=\mathbf{0}\), we see that the quasi-momenta of all the propagators of the chain diagram are equal to zero; therefore, the value of the diagram is zero, too, due to the compact support properties of the single-scale propagator.
The idea, now, is to use the bound on the beta function to inductively prove the assumption on the running coupling constants, or, more precisely, the following improved version of the inductive assumption:
for a suitable \(C>0\) (recall that, by definition, \(\xi _{+,h}=\delta _{+,h}=Z_{\rho ,+,h}=v_{+,h}=0\), \(\forall h<h^*_1\)). Note that the bound on the beta function is already enough to prove the assumption for \(Z_{\rho ,\omega ,h}\) and \(v_{\omega ,h}\). The subtle point is to control the flow of \(\xi _{\omega , h}\), \(\delta _{\omega , h}\), provided the initial data \(\xi ,\delta \) are properly chosen. This is the content of the next lemma.
Lemma 4.2
There exist positive constants \(U_0\), C, and functions \(\delta =\delta (U,m_{\text {R},-},\phi )\), \(\xi =\xi (U,m_{\text {R},-},\phi )\), analytic in U for \(|U|\leqslant U_0/(C+1)\) and vanishing at \(U=0\), such that (4.36) are verified.
Proof
We solve the beta function by looking at it as a fixed point equation on a suitable space of sequences. The fixed point equation arises by iterating the beta function equation and then imposing that \(\xi _{-,h^*_2}=\delta _{-,h^*_2}=0\). By iterating the first two equations of (4.29), we get, for all \(h^*_2\leqslant h\leqslant 0\),
with the understanding that \(\xi _{+,h}=\delta _{+,h}=0\), \(\forall h<h^*_1\). Consider first the case \(\omega =-\). By imposing the condition that \(\xi _{-,h^*_2}=\delta _{-,h^*_2}=0\), we find that
Plugging these identities back in (4.37) with \(\omega =-\) gives
which is the desired equation for \(\xi _{-,h},\delta _{-,h}\). Consider next the case \(\omega =+\). The initial data \(\xi _{+,0}, \delta _{+,0}\) in the right side of (4.37) are regarded as given functions of \(U,\xi _{-,0},\delta _{-,0},m_{\text {R},-},\phi \), whose explicit form follows from the ultraviolet integration, such that both \(\xi _{+,0}-\xi _{-,0}\) and \(\delta _{+,0}-\delta _{-,0}\) are of the order \(O(U \min \{m_{\text {R},+},1\})\). More explicitly, we write,
where \({{\bar{x}}}_+\) and \({{\bar{d}}}_+\) are analytic in \(U,\xi _{-,0},\delta _{-,0}\) for \(|\xi _{-,0}|,|\delta _{-,0}|\leqslant C|U|\) and \(|U|\leqslant U_0/(C+1)\), and satisfy:
for some \(C_1>0\), and analogously for \({{\bar{d}}}_+\). Plugging (4.40), with \(\xi _{-,0},\delta _{-,0}\) written as in (4.38), back in (4.37) with \(\omega =+\), we get the desired equation for \(\xi _{+,h},\delta _{+,h}\):
for all \(h^*_1\leqslant h\leqslant 0\). The equations (4.39) and (4.42), together with the analogues of (4.37) for the running coupling constants \(Z_{\rho ,\omega ,h},v_{\omega ,h}\), are looked at as a fixed point equation on the space \({\mathcal {M}}\) of sequences of running coupling constants \({\underline{\tau }}:=\{{\vec {\tau }}_{h^*_2},\ldots ,{\vec {\tau }}_0\}\), endowed with the norm
More precisely, the sequence of running coupling constants, solution of the flow equation with boundary data such that \(\xi _{-,h^*_2}=\delta _{-,h^*_2}=0\), is the fixed point of the map \({{\underline{\tau }}}\rightarrow {{\underline{\tau }}}'=\mathbf{T}({{\underline{\tau }}})\) that, in components, reads (we write the argument of the beta function as \((U,{{\underline{\tau }}})\), and we do not indicate the argument of \({{\bar{x}}}_+\) and \({{\bar{d}}}_+\), for short):
with the understanding that the running coupling constants with \(\omega =+\) are zero for all scales smaller than \(h^*_1\): \(\xi _{+,h}=\delta _{+,h}=Z_{\rho ,+,h}=v_{+,h}=0\), for all \(h<h^*_1\). Moreover, in the last two lines, we rewrote \(Z_{\rho ,\omega ,0}=1+{{\bar{z}}}_{\rho ,\omega }\) and \(v_{\omega ,0}=\frac{3}{2}+{{\bar{v}}}_\omega \), where \({{\bar{z}}}_{\rho ,\omega }={\bar{z}}_{\rho ,\omega }(U,\xi _{-,0},\delta _{-,0},m_{\text {R},-},\phi )\) and \({{\bar{v}}}_{\omega }={\bar{v}}_\omega (U,\xi _{-,0},\delta _{-,0},m_{\text {R},-},\phi )\) are analytic in \(U,\xi _{-,0},\delta _{-,0}\) for \(|\xi _{-,0}|,|\delta _{-,0}|\leqslant C|U|\) and \(|U|\leqslant U_0/(C+1)\), and satisfy:
and analogously for \({{\bar{v}}}_\omega \). In addition, the differences \({{\bar{z}}}_{\rho ,+}-{{\bar{z}}}_{\rho ,-}\) and \({{\bar{v}}}_+-{{\bar{v}}}_-\) satisfy the same bound as (4.41).
We want to show that the map \({{\underline{\tau }}} \rightarrow \mathbf{T}({{\underline{\tau }}})\) admits a unique fixed point in the ball \(B_0=\{{{\underline{\tau }}}\in {\mathcal {M}}: \Vert {{\underline{\tau }}}\Vert _\theta \leqslant C|U|\}\), for a suitable \(C>0\). In order to prove this, we show that, if \({{\underline{\tau }}},{{\underline{\tau }}}'\in B_0\),
for a suitable C. Once (4.51) is proved, the existence of a unique fixed point in \(B_0\) follows via the Banach fixed point theorem, and we are done: such a fixed point defines the initial data \(\xi _{-,0},\delta _{-,0}\) generating a solution to the flow equation satisfying (4.36), as desired. Of course, fixing \(\xi _{-,0},\delta _{-,0}\) is equivalent (thanks to the analytic implicit function theorem) to fixing \(\xi ,\delta \): therefore, the existence of such a fixed point proves the statement of the lemma.
We are left with proving (4.51). If \(\underline{\tau }\in B_0\), by using the bound (4.35) on the beta function, as well as the assumptions (4.41), (4.50) on the initial data (together with their analogues for \({{\bar{d}}}_+,{{\bar{v}}}_\omega \)), it is immediate to check that
for all \(h^*_2\leqslant h\leqslant 0\) and a suitable constant C. Therefore, in order to check that \(\Vert \mathbf{T}({{\underline{\tau }}})\Vert _\theta \leqslant C|U|\), we are left with proving that \(\max \{ |\xi _{+,h}'-\xi _{-,h}'|,|\delta _{+,h}'-\delta _{-,h}'|\}\leqslant C|U|2^{h^*_1-h}\), for all \(h^*_1\leqslant h\leqslant 0\). We spell out the argument for \(\xi _{+,h}'-\xi _{-,h}'\), the proof for \(\delta _{+,h}'-\delta _{-,h}'\) being exactly the same. By using (4.44)–(4.46), we have: \(\xi _{+,h}'-\xi _{-,h}'=2^{-h}{{\bar{x}}}_++\sum _{k=h+1}^{0} 2^{k-h-1} (\beta ^\xi _{+,k}(U, {{\underline{\tau }}})-\beta ^\xi _{-,k}(U, {{\underline{\tau }}}))\). Now, the first term in the right side is bounded by \(2^{-h}|{{\bar{x}}}_+|\leqslant 2C_1|U|\), for all \(h\geqslant h^*_1\), by (4.41) and the very definition of \(h^*_1\), (4.20). In order to bound the sum \(\sum _{k=h+1}^{0} 2^{k-h-1} (\beta ^\xi _{+,k}(U, {{\underline{\tau }}})-\beta ^\xi _{-,k}(U, {{\underline{\tau }}}))\), we note that \(\beta ^\xi _{+,k}-\beta ^\xi _{-,k}\) can be expressed as a sum over trees with root on scale k, at least an endpoint on scale \(+1\) (recall the discussion after the statement of Lemma (4.1)) and: either an endpoint corresponding to a difference \(\xi _{+,k'}-\xi _{-,k'}\), or an endpoint corresponding to \(\delta _{+,k'}-\delta _{-,k'}\), or a propagator \(g^{(k')}_{+}-g^{(k')}_-\), with \(k'\geqslant k\). The propagator \(g^{(k')}_{+}-g^{(k')}_-\) admits a dimensional bound that is the same as \(g^{(k')}_{\omega }\) times a gain factor \(2^{h^*_1-k'}\); the differences \(\xi _{+,k'}-\xi _{-,k'}\) and \(\delta _{+,k'}-\delta _{-,k'}\) are proportional to the same gain factor, due to the assumption that \({{\underline{\tau }}}\in B_0\). All in all, recalling the basic bound on the beta function, (4.35), we find a similar bound, improved by the gain factor \(2^{h^*_1-k}\):
This, together with the bound on \(2^{-h}{{\bar{x}}}_+\), implies the desired bound, \(|\xi _{+,h}'-\xi _{-,h}'|\leqslant C|U|2^{h^*_1-h}\), for all \(h^*_1\leqslant h\leqslant 0\) and C sufficiently large. Exactly the same argument implies the desired bound for \(\delta _{+,h}'-\delta _{-,h}'\).
The proof of the second of (4.51) goes along the same lines, and we only sketch it here. A similar argument, discussed in all details, can be found in [11, Section 4]. Let us focus, for simplicity, on the first component of \(\mathbf{T}({{\underline{\tau }}})-\mathbf{T}({{\underline{\tau }}}')\), which reads:
The difference \(\beta ^\xi _{-,k}(U,{{\underline{\tau }}})-\beta ^\xi _{-,k}(U,{{\underline{\tau }}}')\) can be represented as a sum over trees with root on scale k, at least an endpoint on scale \(+1\), and: either an endpoint corresponding to a difference \(\xi _{\omega ,k'}-\xi _{\omega ,k'}'\), or an endpoint corresponding to \(\delta _{\omega ,k'}-\delta _{\omega ,k'}'\), or a propagator corresponding to the difference between \(g^{(k')}_{\omega }\) computed at the values \((Z_{\rho ,\omega ,k'},v_{\omega ,k'})\) of the effective parameters and the same propagator computed at \((Z_{\rho ,\omega ,k'}',v_{\omega ,k'}')\), for some \(k'\geqslant k\). The difference between the propagators computed at different values of the effective parameters can be bounded dimensionally in the same way as \(g^{(k')}_{\omega }\), times an additional factor \(\max _{\rho ,\omega }\{|Z_{\rho ,\omega ,k'}-Z_{\rho ,\omega ,k'}'|, |v_{\omega ,k'}-v_{\omega ,k'}'|\}\). Therefore, recalling the basic bound on the beta function, (4.35), we find a similar bound, multiplied by the norm of the difference between the running coupling constants:
which implies the desired estimate on the first component of \(\mathbf{T}({{\underline{\tau }}})-\mathbf{T}({{\underline{\tau }}}')\). A similar argument is valid for the other components, but we will not belabor the details here. \(\square \)
We now have all the ingredients to prove Proposition 3.3. In fact, in view of Lemma 4.1 and Lemma 4.2, we can fix the counterterms \(\xi ,\delta \) in such a way that the kernels of the effective potential on all scales are analytic in U, uniformly in the scale, and satisfy (4.33). A simple by-product of the proof shows that the kernel \(W^{(h)}_{n}(\mathbf{x}_1,\ldots ,\mathbf{x}_n)\) decays faster than any power in the tree distance among the space-time points \(\mathbf{x}_1,\ldots ,\mathbf{x}_n\), with a decay length proportional to \(2^{-h}\). Analogous claims are valid for the kernels of the effective source term and of the generating function. In particular, recalling that the scale h is always larger or equal than \(h^*_2\), we have that the kernels of the effective potential, which are nothing else but the multi-point correlation functions, are analytic in U and decay faster than any power in the tree distance among their arguments, with a typical decay length of the order \(2^{h^*_2}\sim |m_{\text {R},-}|\). Therefore, for any \(m_{\text {R},-}\ne 0\), the Fourier transform of any multi-point correlation of local operators is \(C^\infty \) in the momenta. In the massless case, the correlations are dimensionally bounded like in the graphene case [20, 21]: in particular, the two-point density–density, or current–current correlations decay like \(|\mathbf{x}-\mathbf{y}|^{-4}\) at large Euclidean space-time separation. For further details about the construction and estimate of the correlation functions, the reader is referred to, e.g., [16, 21]. This concludes the proof of Proposition 3.3. \(\square \)
5 Proof of Theorem 2.1
In order to conclude the proof of Theorem 2.1, we need to prove that: there exists a choice of \(m_{\text {R,-}}\) for which the Euclidean correlations of the reference model with Hamiltonian \({\mathcal {H}}^{\text{ R }}\), see (2.22), coincide with those of the original Hamiltonian \({\mathcal {H}}\); the Euclidean Kubo conductivity coincides with the real-time one. Cf. with the last two items, (iii) and (iv), of the list after (2.23). We also need to prove the regularity and symmetry properties of the critical curves, stated in Theorem 2.1.
Let us start with discussing item (iii), as well as the \(C^1\) regularity of the critical curves. In order to prove the equivalence of \({\mathcal {H}}\) and \({\mathcal {H}}^{\text{ R }}\), it is enough to fix the counterterms as discussed in the previous section, and choose \(m_{\text {R},-}\) to be the solution of (2.23). Let us then show that (2.23) can be inverted in the form \(m_{R,-}= m_{R,-}(U, W, \phi )\), with \(m_{R,-}(U, W, \phi )\) analytic in U and \(C^{1}\) in \(W, \phi \). We want to appeal to the analytic implicit function theorem. For this purpose, we need to estimate the derivative of \(\delta (U,m_{\text {R,-}},\phi )\) w.r.t. \(m_{\text {R},-}\). Recall that \(\delta _{-,0}=\delta _{-,0}(U,m_{\text {R},-},\phi )\) satisfies the second of (4.38), and that \(\delta (U,m_{\text {R},-},\phi )\) and \(\delta _{-,0}(U,m_{\text {R},-},\phi )\) are analytically close (they differ only because of the effect of the ultraviolet integration). Therefore,
where \(\beta ^\delta _{-,k}(U,{{\underline{\tau }}})\) accounts for the difference between \(\delta \) and \(\delta _{-,0}\) due to the ultraviolet integration. Differentiating both sides with respect to the mass, we find:
which should be looked at as (a component of) a fixed point equation for the derivatives of the running coupling constants, analogous to the ones solved in the proof of Lemma (4.2). When acting on the beta function, the derivative with respect to \(m_{R,-}\) can either act on a propagator \(g^{(k')}_\omega \), or on a running coupling constant. When acting on a propagator, it replaces \(g^{(k')}_\omega \) by \(\frac{\partial g^{(k')}_\omega }{\partial m_{\text {R},-}}\), which is bounded dimensionally in the same way as \(g^{(k')}_\omega \), times an extra factor proportional to \(2^{-k'}\). On the other hand, the action of the derivative on a running coupling constant should be bounded inductively, in the same spirit as the proof of Lemma 4.2. All in all, recalling also the basic bound on the beta function, (4.35), we get
for a suitable constant \(C_2\). Exactly the same argument and estimates are valid for the derivative with respect to \(\phi \), so that
The last estimate is optimal for small \(\phi \). For larger values of \(\phi \), one can also take advantage of the symmetry under exchange \(\phi \rightarrow \pi -\phi \) (the ‘magnetic reflections’, see (4.13)) to conclude that the derivative of \(\delta \) with respect to \(\phi \) vanishes continuously as \(\phi \rightarrow (\pi /2)^-\). Moreover, by the symmetry properties of the model, \(\delta (U,0,0)=0\). Therefore, \(|\delta (U, m_{\text {R}, -}, \phi )|\leqslant 2C_2|U| (|m_{\text {R},-}|+ \sin \phi )\).
Using these bounds and the implicit function theorem, we see that (2.23) can be inverted in the form (2.24), with \(|{{\mathfrak {d}}}(U,W,\phi )|\leqslant C|U| (W+\sin \phi )\) for some constant C. The equation for the critical curve in the parameter range we are considering is simply \(m_{\text {R,-}}=0\), that is \(W=3\sqrt{3}t_2\sin \phi +\delta (U,0,\phi )\), which is \(C^1\) in \(\phi \) and, thanks to the symmetries of the problem, it satisfies the properties stated in Theorem 2.1.
We are left with discussing item (iv), that is, the equivalence between the Euclidean and real-time Kubo conductivities. Given our bounds on the Euclidean correlations, the equivalence follows from result discussed in previous papers. In fact, our bounds imply that the current–current correlations, at large space-time separations, decay either faster-than-any-power decay, if \(m_{\text {R},-}\ne 0\), or like \(|\mathbf{x}-\mathbf{y}|^{-4}\), otherwise: therefore, we can repeat step by step the proof of [22, Theorem 3.1], as the reader can easily check. For a slightly modified and simplified proof, see also [2, Appendix B] and [35, Section 5].
This concludes the proof of Theorem 2.1. \(\square \)
5.1 Concluding Remarks
In conclusion, the universality of the Hall conductivity (i.e., its independence from the interaction strength) can be seen as a consequence of lattice conservation laws, combined with the regularity properties of the correlation functions. The quantization of the interacting Hall conductivity then follows from its quantization in the non-interacting case: however, an important point in the proof is to compare the interacting system and its conductivity with the right reference non-interacting system, that is, the one with the right value of the mass; this is the reason why we introduce a reference non-interacting system with mass equal to the renormalized mass of the interacting system; in order to fix the correct value of the renormalized mass, we need to solve a fixed point equation for it. The same strategy we proposed in the present context can be easily extended to prove that the Hall conductivity is constant against any deformation of the Hamiltonian, even non-translationally invariant ones, provided that the off-diagonal decay of the Euclidean correlations in space and imaginary time is sufficiently fast, in the sense specified byFootnote 5 Proposition 3.3. Note that our universality result is valid as soon as the Fourier transform of the current–current-interaction correlations are \(C^3\) in momentum space, which corresponds to a space-time decay faster than \((dist.)^{-6}\) (a critical analysis of the proof shows that we need even less: \(C^{2+\varepsilon }\) with \(\varepsilon >0\) is a sufficient condition for our construction to work; this translates into a space-time decay faster than \((dist.)^{-5}\)). This means that we do not require the existence of a spectral gap, in the strong sense of exponential decay of correlations: sufficiently fast polynomial decay is actually enough. It would be nice to provide a realistic example of a gapless model with fast polynomial decay of correlations, exhibiting a non-trivial, universal behavior of the transverse conductivity; or, in alternative, to exclude the possibility that such a model exists.
A problem connected with the one discussed in this paper, but much more challenging, is to prove universality of the conductivity for clean massless models with slow polynomial decay of correlations: by ‘slow’, here, we mean that Proposition 3.3 cannot be applied. A first example is the Haldane model, considered in this paper, for values of the parameters on the critical line. In this case, as already recalled after the statement of Theorem (2.1), one can prove the universality of the longitudinal conductivity [19]: the proof, which generalizes the one in [21], uses lattice Ward Identities, combined with the symmetry properties of the current–current correlation functions. It would be very interesting to establish the universality, or the violation thereof, of the transverse conductivity on the critical line.
Another context, where the issue of the universality of the conductivity naturally arises, is the case of bulk massive systems in non-trivial domains with, say, Dirichlet conditions imposed at the boundary. In such a setting, usually, massless edge states appear, and the edge system is characterized by correlations with slow polynomial decay. Nevertheless, universality holds as a consequence of a more subtle mechanism, which relies on the non-renormalization of the edge chiral anomaly. Using these ideas, two of us proved the validity of the bulk-edge correspondence in lattice Hall systems with single-mode chiral edge currents [2], and in the spin-conserving Kane–Mele model [34]. It would be very interesting to generalize these findings to lattice systems with several edge modes, as well as to continuum systems.
Finally, it would be extremely interesting to include disorder effect, even in the regime where the interaction is smaller than the non-interacting gap. Understanding the combined effects of disorder and interactions in the vicinity of the critical lines is a major open problem, even from a theoretical physics perspectives. We do not expect that the phase diagram will remain qualitatively unchanged in their presence: new quantum phases may in general arise in the vicinity of unperturbed critical lines. In this sense, we expect that the stability of the phase diagram, if valid at all, will depend on the specific features of the model under investigation. However, as far as we know, not even the effects of disorder alone are well understood in the vicinity of the critical lines.
Notes
There is an issue in defining the position operator on the torus. In order to avoid the problem, we interpret the second term in (2.15) as being equal to \(i\frac{\partial }{\partial q_j}\pmb {\langle } [ {\mathcal {J}}_{i}(\vec {q}), N(-\vec {q})]\pmb {\rangle }_\infty \big |_{\vec {q}=\vec {0}}\), where: \(\vec {{\mathcal {J}}}({\vec {q}})= \sum _{{\vec {x}}\in \Lambda _L} {\vec {j}}_{{\vec {x}}}e^{i{\vec {q}}{\vec {x}}}\), \(N({\vec {q}})=\sum _{{\vec {x}}\in \Lambda _L} n_{{\vec {x}}}e^{i{\vec {q}}{\vec {x}}}\), \(\pmb {\langle } [ {\mathcal {J}}_{i}({\vec {q}}), N(-{\vec {q}})]\pmb {\rangle }_\infty := \lim _{\beta ,L\rightarrow \infty }\frac{1}{L^2}\langle [ {\mathcal {J}}_{i}({\vec {q}}^{(L)}), N(-{\vec {q}}^{(L)})]\rangle _{\beta ,L}\), and \({\vec {q}}^{(L)}\) a sequence of vectors in \({\mathcal {B}}_L\) such that \(\lim _{L\rightarrow \infty }{\vec {q}}^{(L)}={\vec {q}}\).
Here, by ‘gap’ we mean the rate of the exponential decay of the Euclidean correlations.
In (3.23), we denote by \(\mathbf{p}_1\) and \(\mathbf{p}_2\) the first and second arguments of \({\widehat{K}}^{\text {R}}_{0,0, \sharp }\), as well as of \({\widehat{S}}^{\text {R}}_{i, \sharp }\); correspondingly, we denote by \(\frac{\partial }{\partial p_{1,i}}\) and \(\frac{\partial }{\partial p_{2,i}}\) the derivatives with respect to the i-th components of the first and second arguments thereof.
Proposition 3.3 is formulated in terms of the regularity of the Fourier transform, but, by anti-trasforming and going back to real space, the stated properties of the correlation functions can be straightforwardly translated into a condition of sufficiently fast polynomial decay in space and imaginary time. Such a formulation would be the right one in order to deal with additional, possibly non-translationally invariant, perturbations, including weak random potentials (chosen in such a way that the non-interacting spectral gap is not closed by the randomness).
References
Aizenman, M., Graf, G.M.: Localization bounds for an electron gas. J. Phys. A 31, 6783 (1998)
Antinucci, G., Mastropietro, V., Porta, M.: Universal edge transport in interacting Hall systems. Commun. Math. Phys. 362, 295–359 (2018)
Avron, J.E., Seiler, R.: Quantization of the Hall conductance for general multiparticle Schrödinger Hamiltonians. Phys. Rev. Lett. 54, 259–262 (1985)
Avron, J.E., Seiler, R., Simon, B.: Homotopy and quantization in condensed matter physics. Phys. Rev. Lett. 51, 51 (1983)
Avron, J.E., Seiler, R., Simon, B.: Charge deficiency, charge transport and comparison of dimensions. Commun. Math. Phys. 159, 399–422 (1994)
Bachmann, S., Bols, A., De Roeck, W., Fraas, M.: Quantization of conductance in gapped interacting systems. Ann. Henri Poincaré 19, 695–708 (2018)
Bachmann, S., Bols, A., De Roeck, W., Fraas, M.: A many-body index for quantum charge transport. Commun. Math. Phys. (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00220-019-03537-x
Bachmann, S., De Roeck, W., Fraas, M.: The adiabatic theorem and linear response theory for extended quantum systems. Commun. Math. Phys. 361, 997–1027 (2018)
Bellissard, J.: Ordinary quantum Hall effect and non-commutative cohomology. In: Weller, W., Zieche, P. (eds.) Localization in disordered systems. Teubner, Leipzig (1988)
Bellissard, J., van Elst, A., Schulz-Baldes, H.: The non-commutative geometry of the Quantum Hall Effect. J. Math. Phys. 35, 5373 (1994)
Benfatto, G., Mastropietro, V.: Renormalization group, hidden symmetries and approximate ward identities in the XYZ model. Rev. Math. Phys. 13, 1323–1435 (2001)
Coleman, S., Hill, B.: No more corrections to the topological mass term in \({\rm QED}_3\). Phys. Lett. B 159, 184 (1985)
de Roeck, W., Salmhofer, M.: Persistence of exponential decay and spectral gaps for interacting fermions. Commun. Math. Phys. 365, 773–796 (2019)
Essler, F.H.L., Frahm, H., Göhmann, F., Klümper, A., Korepin, V.E.: The one-dimensional Hubbard model. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2005)
Fröhlich, J., Kerler, T.: Universality in quantum Hall systems. Nucl. Phys. B 354, 369–417 (1991)
Gentile, G., Mastropietro, V.: Renormalization group for one-dimensional fermions. A review on mathematical results. Phys. Rep. 352, 273–437 (2001)
Giuliani, A.: Order, disorder and phase transitions in quantum many body systems. Rendiconti Istituto Lombardo Scienze e Lettere, to appear (arXiv:1711.06991)
Giuliani, A.: The ground state construction of the two-dimensional Hubbard model on the honeycomb lattice, In: Quantum theory from small to large scales. Lecture Notes of the Les Houches Summer School, vol 95 (2010)
Giuliani, A., Jauslin, I., Mastropietro, V., Porta, M.: Topological phase transitions and universality in the Haldane-Hubbard model. Phys. Rev. B 94, 205139 (2016)
Giuliani, A., Mastropietro, V.: The 2D Hubbard model on the honeycomb lattice. Commun. Math. Phys. 293, 301–346 (2010)
Giuliani, A., Mastropietro, V., Porta, M.: Universality of conductivity in interacting graphene. Commun. Math. Phys. 311, 317–355 (2012)
Giuliani, A., Mastropietro, V., Porta, M.: Universality of the Hall conductivity in interacting electron systems. Commun. Math. Phys. 349, 1107–1161 (2017)
Haldane, F.D.M.: Model for a Quantum Hall Effect without Landau Levels: condensed-matter realization of the “Parity Anomaly”. Phys. Rev. Lett 61, 2015 (1988)
Haldane, D.: Talk presented at the workshop Low-D Quantum Condensed Matter, Center for Mathematical Physics, Amsterdam, July 25–30, (2005). http://www.phy.princeton.edu/~haldane/talks/amsterdam-haldane.pdf
Hasan, M.Z., Kane, C.L.: Topological insulators. Rev. Mod. Phys. 82, 3045 (2010)
Hastings, M.B.: The stability of free Fermi Hamiltonians. J. Math. Phys. 60, 042201 (2019)
Hastings, M.B., Michalakis, S.: Quantization of Hall conductance for interacting electrons on a torus. Commun. Math. Phys. 334, 433–471 (2015)
He, J., Liang, Y., Kou, S.-P.: Composite spin liquid in a correlated topological insulator: spin liquid without spin-charge separation. Phys. Rev. B 85, 205107 (2012)
He, J., Zong, Y.-H., Kou, S.-P., Liang, Y., Feng, S.: Topological spin density waves in the Hubbard model on a honeycomb lattice. Phys. Rev. B 84, 035127 (2011)
Ishikawa, K., Matsuyama, T.: Magnetic field induced multi-component QED3 and quantum hall effect. Z. Phys C 33, 41–45 (1986)
Jotzu, G., Messer, M., Desbuquois, R., Lebrat, M., Uehlinger, T., Greif, Dl, Esslinger, T.: Experimental realization of the topological Haldane model with ultracold fermions. Nature 515, 237 (2014)
Mastropietro, V.: Non-perturbative renormalization. World Scientific, Singapore (2008)
Mastropietro, V.: Persistence of gaps in the interacting anisotropic Hofstadter model. Phys. Rev. B 99, 155154 (2019)
Mastropietro, V., Porta, M.: Spin Hall insulators beyond the Helical Luttinger model. Phys. Rev. B 96, 245135 (2017)
Mastropietro, V., Porta, M.: Canonical Drude weight for non-integrable quantum spin chains. J. Stat. Phys. 172, 379–397 (2018)
Monaco, D., Teufel, S.: Adiabatic currents for interacting electrons on a lattice. Rev. Math. Phys. 31, 1950009 (2019)
Niu, Q., Thouless, D.J.: Quantum Hall effect with realistic boundary conditions. Phys. Rev. B 35, 2188 (1987)
Prychynenko, D., Huber, S.: \({\mathbb{Z}}_2\) slave-spin theory of a strongly correlated Chern insulator. Physica B 481, 53 (2016)
Teufel, S.: Non-equilibrium almost-stationary states and linear response for gapped quantum systems. Comm. Math. Phys. (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00220-019-03407-6
Thouless, D.J., Kohmoto, M., Nightingale, M.P., den Nijs, M.: Quantized Hall conductance in a two-dimensional periodic potential. Phys. Rev. Lett. 49, 405 (1982)
Vanhala, T.I., Siro, T., Liang, L., Troyer, M., Harju, A., Torma, P.: Topological phase transitions in the repulsively interacting Haldane-Hubbard model. Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 225305 (2016)
Wu, Y.-J., Li, N., Kou, S.-P.: Chiral topological superfluids in the attractive Haldane-Hubbard model with opposite Zeeman energy at two sublattice sites. Eur. Phys. J. B 88, 255 (2015)
Acknowledgements
The work of A. G. and of V. M. has been supported by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (ERC CoG UniCoSM, grant agreement n.724939). V. M. acknowledges support also from the Gruppo Nazionale di Fisica Matematica (GNFM). The work of M. P. has been supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation, via the grant “Mathematical Aspects of Many-Body Quantum Systems”.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Communicated by Michael Aizenman.
To our friend Joel, a guide and inspiration in science and life.
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
About this article
Cite this article
Giuliani, A., Mastropietro, V. & Porta, M. Quantization of the Interacting Hall Conductivity in the Critical Regime. J Stat Phys 180, 332–365 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10955-019-02405-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10955-019-02405-1