Abstract
School absenteeism and school refusal behavior are prevalent and serious issues for youth, but few measures have been developed specifically for this population. The School Refusal Assessment Scale-Revised (child and parent versions) provides clinicians with a profile of the relative strength of four functions or maintaining variables regarding school refusal behavior. The scales have been previously tested largely on clinical samples in outpatient treatment settings, however. This study examined 216 youth with primary school refusal behavior and their parent/guardian referred to a community-based truancy court or truancy diversion setting for problematic absenteeism. The four-factor structure of the scales (Kearney Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 24:235–245, 2002a; Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 28:139–144, 2006) was supported via confirmatory factor analysis and specific functions were associated with specific symptom sets as predicted. The results help extend the generalizability of the scales to youths and their families who are more ethnically diverse and referred to a legal process.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text revision). Washington, DC: Author.
Bentler, P. M., & Wu, E. J. C. (2005). EQS 6.1 for Windows. Encino: Multivariate Software.
Berg, I., Casswell, G., Goodwin, A., Hullin, R., McGuire, R., & Tagg, G. (1985). Classification of severe school attendance problems. Psychological Medicine, 15, 157–165.
Bernstein, G. A., Massie, E. D., Thuras, P. D., Perwien, P. D., Borchardt, C. M., & Crosby, R. D. (1997). Somatic symptoms in anxious-depressed school refusers. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 661–668.
Bernstein, G. A., Borchardt, C. M., Perwein, A. R., Crosby, R. D., Kushner, M. G., Thuras, P. D., et al. (2000). Imipramine plus cognitive-behavioral therapy in the treatment of school refusal. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 276–283.
Bye, L., Alvarez, M. E., Haynes, J., & Sweigart, C. E. (2010). Truancy prevention and intervention: A practical guide. New York: Oxford University Press.
Carroll, H. C. M. (2010). The effect of pupil absenteeism on literacy and numeracy in the primary school. School Psychology International, 31, 115–130.
Chorpita, B. F., Yim, L., Moffitt, C., Umemoto, L. A., & Francis, S. E. (2000). Assessment of symptoms of DSM-IV anxiety and depression in children: a revised child anxiety and depression scale. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 835–855.
Claes, E., Hooghe, M., & Reeskens, T. (2009). Truancy as a contextual and school-related problem: a comparative multilevel analysis of country and school characteristics on civic knowledge among 14 year olds. Educational Studies, 35, 123–142.
Conners, C., Sitarenios, G., Parker, J. D., & Epstein, J. N. (1998). The Revised Conners’ Parent Rating Scale (CPRS-R): factor structure, reliability, and criterion validity. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 26, 257–268.
Cooper, M. G. (1966). School refusal. Educational Research, 8, 115–127.
Egger, H. L., Costello, E. J., & Angold, A. (2003). School refusal and psychiatric disorders: a community study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42, 797–807.
Hansen, C., Sanders, S., Massaro, S., & Last, C. (1998). Predictors of severity of absenteeism in children with anxiety-based school refusal. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 27, 246–254.
Hendricks, M. A., Sale, E. W., Evans, C. J., McKinley, L., & Carter, S. D. (2010). Evaluation of a truancy court intervention in four middle schools. Psychology in the Schools, 47, 173–183.
Henry, K. L. (2007). Who’s skipping school: characteristics of truants in 8th and 10th grade. Journal of School Health, 77, 29–35.
Henry, K. L., & Huizinga, D. H. (2007). Truancy’s effect on the onset of drug use among urban adolescents placed at risk. Journal of Adolescent Health, 40, 358.e9–358.e17.
Heyne, D., King, N. J., Tonge, B. J., & Cooper, H. (2001). School refusal: epidemiology and management. Pediatric Drugs, 3, 719–732.
Heyne, D., King, N. J., Tonge, B. J., Rollings, S., Young, D., Pritchard, M., et al. (2002). Evaluation of child therapy and caregiver training in the treatment of school refusal. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 687–695.
Johnson, A. M., Falstein, E. I., Szurek, S. A., & Svendsen, M. (1941). School phobia. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 11, 702–711.
Kearney, C. A. (2001). School refusal behavior in youth: A functional approach to assessment and treatment. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Kearney, C. A. (2002a). Identifying the function of school refusal behavior: a revision of the School Refusal Assessment Scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 24, 235–245.
Kearney, C. A. (2002b). Case study of the assessment and treatment of a youth with multifunction school refusal behavior. Clinical Case Studies, 1, 67–80.
Kearney, C. A. (2003). Bridging the gap among professionals who address youth with school absenteeism: overview and suggestions for consensus. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 34, 57–65.
Kearney, C. A. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis of the School Refusal Assessment Scale-Revised: child and parent versions. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 28, 139–144.
Kearney, C. A. (2007). Forms and functions of school refusal behavior in youth: an empirical analysis of absenteeism severity. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48, 53–61.
Kearney, C. A. (2008a). School absenteeism and school refusal behavior in youth: a contemporary review. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 451–471.
Kearney, C. A. (2008b). An interdisciplinary model of school absenteeism in youth to inform professional practice and public policy. Educational Psychology Review, 20, 257–282.
Kearney, C. A., & Albano, A. M. (2004). The functional profiles of school refusal behavior: diagnostic aspects. Behavior Modification, 28, 147–161.
Kearney, C. A., & Silverman, W. K. (1993). Measuring the function of school refusal behavior: the School Refusal Assessment Scale. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 22, 85–96.
Kearney, C. A., & Silverman, W. K. (1996). The evolution and reconciliation of taxonomic strategies for school refusal behavior. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 3, 339–354.
Kearney, C. A., & Silverman, W. K. (1999). Functionally-based prescriptive and nonprescriptive treatment for children and adolescents with school refusal behavior. Behavior Therapy, 30, 673–695.
Kearney, C. A., Pursell, C., & Alvarez, K. (2001). Treatment of school refusal behavior in children with mixed functional profiles. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 8, 3–11.
King, N. J., & Bernstein, G. A. (2001). School refusal in children and adolescents: a review of the past 10 years. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 197–205.
King, N. J., Tonge, B. J., Heyne, D., Pritchard, M., Rollings, S., Young, D., et al. (1998). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of school-refusing children: a controlled evaluation. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 395–403.
Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford.
Last, C. G., Strauss, C. C., & Francis, G. (1987). Comorbidity among childhood anxiety disorders. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 175, 726–730.
Last, C. G., Hansen, C., & Franco, N. (1998). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of school phobia. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 404–411.
Lazarus, A. A., Davison, G. C., & Polefka, D. A. (1965). Classical and operant factors in the treatment of a school phobia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 70, 225–229.
Lyon, A. R., & Cotler, S. (2007). Toward reduced bias and increased utility in the assessment of school refusal behavior: the case for divergent samples and evaluation of context. Psychology in the Schools, 44, 551–565.
Lyon, A. R., & Cotler, S. (2009). Multi-systemic intervention for school refusal behavior: integrating approaches across disciplines. Advances in School Mental Health Promotion, 2, 20–34.
National Center for Education Statistics. (2006). The condition of education 2006. Washington, DC: US Department of Education.
Pina, A. A., Zerr, A. A., Gonzales, N. A., & Ortiz, C. D. (2009). Psychosocial interventions for school refusal behavior in children and adolescents. Child Development Perspectives, 3, 11–20.
Reid, K. (2003). A strategic approach to tackling school absenteeism and truancy: the PSCC scheme. Educational Studies, 29, 351–371.
Rodriguez, L. F., & Conchas, G. Q. (2009). Preventing truancy and dropout among urban middle school youth: understanding community-based action from the student’s perspective. Education and Urban Society, 41, 216–247.
Sperling, M. (1967). School phobias: classification, dynamics, and treatment. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 22, 375–401.
Sutphen, R. D., Ford, J. P., & Flaherty, C. (2010). Truancy interventions: a review of the research literature. Research on Social Work Practice, 20, 161–171.
Yahaya, A., Ramli, J., Hashim, S., Ibrahim, M. A., Kadir, H. B. H., Boon, Y., et al. (2010). The effects of various modes of absenteeism problem in school on the academic performance of students in secondary schools. European Journal of Social Sciences, 12, 624–639.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Haight, C., Kearney, C.A., Hendron, M. et al. Confirmatory Analyses of the School Refusal Assessment Scale-Revised: Replication and Extension to a Truancy Sample. J Psychopathol Behav Assess 33, 196–204 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-011-9218-9
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-011-9218-9