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Recent developments in shear thickening fluid-impregnated synthetic and natural fiber-reinforced composites for ballistic applications: a review

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Abstract

The main purpose of body armors is to restrict the ballistic impact (bullet velocity ~ 300 to 500 m/s). The conventional rigid body armors are typically consisting of synthetic fibers (SFs) like Kevlar, but these armors are too bulky, stiff, not comfortable, and lack extremities of body protection. But technological advancement inspired researchers to impregnate SFs with shear thickening fluids (STFs) or dilatant materials to develop advanced body armors with better protection, lightweight, and flexibility. The STF is nanosuspension which absorbs a significant amount of impact energy and hence can be utilized to improve the impact performance of fibers. This review is intended to provide a brief overview of single-phase and multiphase STF with additives like silicon carbide and boron carbide nanoparticles to attain better thickening effect compared to single-phase STF. Moreover, the double-shear thickening properties with ionic liquids, role of charged particles, and pH of dispersion medium are found very promising to scale-up the properties of STF in future. The article covers the advancements in STF-impregnated SF and natural fiber (NF)-reinforced composites for ballistic applications. However, the NFs have better capability to retain STF for longer period compared to SFs due to their unique chemical structure and the presence of surface voids and ridges in the fibers. But, mechanical properties of SFs are much better than NFs. Therefore, to develop commercial flexible body armors based on STF-impregnated NF composites, further research is required to attain the same ballistic impact resistance capability as demonstrated by the STF-impregnated SF composites.

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(Reproduced with permission from American Physical Society [82], Copyright 2020, Physical review fluids).

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(Reproduced with permission from the society of rheology [83] Copyright 2014, Journal of Rheology).

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Figure 8

(Reproduced with permission from composite part B: engineering [95] Copyright 2020, Elsevier).

Figure 9

(Reproduced with permission from composite structure [111]; Copyright 2018, Elsevier).

Figure 10

(Reproduced with permission from thin-walled structures [113]; Copyright 2020, Elsevier). (b) Fabric structure during the energy transfer process. (Reproduced with permission from composite structure [16]; Copyright 2021, Elsevier).

Figure 11

(Reproduced with permission from colloid and polymer science [114]; Copyright 2019, Springer Nature).

Figure 12

(Reproduced with permission from the Journal of Industrial Textiles [131]; Copyright 2020, Sage journals).

Figure 13

(Reproduced with permission from colloid and polymer science [114]; Copyright 2019, Springer Nature).

Figure 14

(Reproduced with permission from international journal of engineering and techniques [134]; Copyright 2019).

Figure 15

(Reproduced with permission from composites science and technology [144]; Copyright 2016, Elsevier), (b) Three-dimensional structure; (Reproduced with permission from composite structure [141]; Copyright 2014, Elsevier) and (c) Warp-knitted spacer fabric, (Reproduced with permission from cellular polymers [138]; Copyright 2018, Sage journals).

Figure 16

(Reproduced with permission from composite structures [11]; Copyright 2021, Elsevier).

Figure 17

(Reproduced with permission from textile research journal [142], Copyright 2016, Sage journals).

Figure 18

(Reproduced with permission from materials & design [158]; Copyright 2014, Elsevier).

Figure 19

(Reproduced with permission from composite structures [8]; Copyright 2021, Elsevier).

Figure 20

(Reproduced with permission from Materials Processing and Design: Modeling, Simulation, and Applications NUMIFORM 2004, Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Numerical Methods in Industrial Forming Processes held 13–17 June, 2004 in Columbus, OH. [183]; Copyright 2004).

Figure 21

(Reproduced with permission from materials & design [194]; Copyright 2017, Elsevier).

Figure 22

(Reproduced with permission from applied materials & interfaces [207]; Copyright 2015, the American chemical society publications).

Figure 23

(Reproduced with permission from rheologica acta [212]; Copyright 2003, springer).

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(Reproduced with permission from thin-walled structures [113]; Copyright 2020, Elsevier), b Fixture type setup; (Reproduced with permission from composite part A: applied science & manufacturing [122]; Copyright 2016, Elsevier).

Figure 25

(Reproduced with permission from materials [221]; open access); (b) stab resistance test; b-1 setup; b-2 Knife specifications; b-3 Target installation; (Reproduced with permission from Royal society of chemistry [216]; open access) and (c) Schematic diagram of ballistic test set-up; (Reproduced with permission from polymers [222]; open access)

Figure 26

(Reproduced with permission from composite science and technology [214]; Copyright 2016, Elsevier).

Figure 27

(Reproduced with permission from composite structures [226]; Copyright 2015, Elsevier).

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(Reproduced with permission from thin-walled structures [227]; Copyright 2021, Elsevier).

Figure 29

(Reproduced with permission from international journals of mechanical sciences [2]; Copyright 2019, Elsevier).

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(Reproduced from polymers [254]; open access).

Figure 32

(Reproduced with permission from composite part B: engineering [247]; Copyright 2019, Elsevier).

Figure 33

(Reproduced with permission from defense technology [39]; Copyright 2022, Elsevier) and (b) Kevlar 49 fabric impregnated with STF; (Reproduced with permission from IOP conference series: materials science and engineering [288]; Copyright 2018, open access).

Figure 34

(Reproduced with permission from defense technology [39]; Copyright 2022, Elsevier).

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Data availability

Not Applicable.

Code availability

Not Applicable.

Abbreviations

µm:

Micrometer

2D:

Two-dimensional

3D:

Three-dimensional

ANN:

Artificial neural network

ASTM:

American Society for Testing and Materials

BFS:

Back face signature

CEL:

Coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian

CLM:

Critical load model

CNT:

Carbon nanotube

CSR:

Critical shear rate

CST:

Continuous shear thickening

DST:

Discontinuous shear thickening

EG:

Ethylene glycol

FESEM:

Field emission scanning electron microscopy

FRCs:

Fiber-reinforced composites

GO:

Graphene oxide

H2O2 :

Hydrogen peroxide

H-bonds:

Hydrogen bonds

HCl:

Hydrogen chloride

Hz:

Hertz

ILs:

Ionic liquids

JF:

Jute fiber

MFA:

Micro-fibril angle

MWCNT:

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes

NaOH:

Sodium hydroxide

NFs:

Natural fibers

PEG:

Polyethylene glycol

pH:

Potential of hydrogen

PMMA:

Poly-methyl-methacrylate

SEM:

Scanning electron microscopy

SFs:

Synthetic fibers

SiC:

Silicon carbide

SiO2 :

Silica dioxide

STF:

Shear thickening fluid

STF/NF:

STF-treated natural fiber

STF/SF:

STF-treated synthetic fiber

UD:

Unidirectional

UHMWP:

Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene

USD:

United States dollar

UTM:

Universal testing machine

wt%:

Weight percent

ZnO:

Zinc oxide

\(\dot{{\gamma }}\) :

Shear rate

η :

Viscosity

ϕ :

Volume packing fraction

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Acknowledgements

Research for this paper was made possible by the generous support of the SEED funding program at UPES (UPES/R&D-SOE/07032022/08 dated 12/05/2022). Authors Subhankar Das and M.S. Goyat have received the funding. M.S. Goyat is grateful to the SERB SIRE Scheme, DST, Government of India for awarding SIRE fellowship with Award No. SIR/2022/001489.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, 248007, India

    Rahul Chamola & Subhankar Das

  2. Department of Physics, Chaudhary Devi Lal University, Sirsa, Haryana, 125055, India

    Dharamvir Singh Ahlawat

  3. Smart Materials, Mads Clausen Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Alsion 2, 6400, Sønderborg, Denmark

    Yogendra Kumar Mishra & M. S. Goyat

  4. Department of Applied Science, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, 248007, India

    M. S. Goyat

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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Rahul Chamola, and Subhankar Das. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Rahul Chamola and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Chamola, R., Das, S., Ahlawat, D.S. et al. Recent developments in shear thickening fluid-impregnated synthetic and natural fiber-reinforced composites for ballistic applications: a review. J Mater Sci 59, 747–793 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-023-09201-z

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