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Understanding the role of DNA methylation in successful biological invasions: a review

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Abstract

Biological invasions provide a unique opportunity to investigate rapid adaptation and evolution as the introduced taxa adapt to biogeographic contexts or habitats in which they have not evolved. The capacity of populations to evolve is generally thought to be constrained by their existing heritable genetic variation, which is usually associated with variation in genomic DNA nucleotide sequences. However, there is increasing acceptance that a range of mechanisms—collectively termed ‘epigenetics’ can alter gene function and affect ecologically important traits. Epigenetic processes may mediate adaptive phenotypic plasticity and provide heritable variation on a finer timescale than DNA sequence-based mutations. This review focuses on DNA methylation, a well-studied epigenetic mechanism known to be associated with biological adaptation to environmental stress. We explore the role of DNA methylation in characterising the adaptive potential of invasive species. We also provide an overview of studies focused on DNA methylation and invasive species to date, and identify knowledge gaps and potential ways to advance understanding of epigenetic-based adaptation. A summary of the literature suggests that DNA methylation could play a key role in the success of invasive species. Introduced populations with reduced genetic diversity often display increased DNA methylation variation in comparison with native populations, which could create phenotypic diversity when it is most required. Recent data show that DNA methylation could contribute to adaptation through both phenotypic plasticity and heritable variation, particularly through clonal reproduction. From a methodological perspective, recent advances in molecular techniques provide an exciting opportunity to explore the functional relevance of DNA methylation to successful biological invasions. Gaining a greater understanding of the adaptive and evolutionary processes that contribute to invasion success is critical for preventing and managing the future introduction, establishment and spread of invasive species.

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Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Figure adapted from Bossdorf et al. (2008) and Richards et al. (2017)

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Marsden Fund of the Royal Society of New Zealand (CAW1401). We would also like to thank three reviewers and the editor for their comments as they have greatly improved this review.

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  1. Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand

    Nicola A. Hawes, Louis A. Tremblay, Xavier Pochon & Kirsty F. Smith

  2. Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand

    Nicola A. Hawes, Andrew E. Fidler, Xavier Pochon & Brendon J. Dunphy

  3. School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand

    Louis A. Tremblay & Brendon J. Dunphy

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  1. Nicola A. Hawes
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Correspondence to Nicola A. Hawes.

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Hawes, N.A., Fidler, A.E., Tremblay, L.A. et al. Understanding the role of DNA methylation in successful biological invasions: a review. Biol Invasions 20, 2285–2300 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-018-1703-6

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