Abstract
Counseling self-efficacy is defined as a counselor’s beliefs regarding their ability to counsel a client effectively. Larson et al. (1992) developed the Counseling Self-Estimate Inventory (COSE) to determine counselors’ self-efficacy in the dimensions of microskills, counseling process, difficult client behavior, cultural competence, and awareness of values. The COSE has been used widely in the United States as well as being adapted to other cultures. The purpose of the present study was to obtain validity and reliability evidence for the COSE in a Turkish sample towards the creation of a Turkish version (COSE-TR). Analyses regarding internal consistency and construct validity were undertaken via CFA and EFA, and divergent and convergent validity assessments were performed. The devised COSE-TR obtained a Cronbach alpha coefficient of .92. Exploratory factor analysis suggested a four-factor model with 53.82% of the total variance explained, which the CFA also supported. The COSE-TR correlated negatively with trait anxiety as measured on the ‘State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Scale’ (involving only Trait anxiety STAI-T; Spielberger 1983), but positively with generalized self-efficacy as measured via the ‘General Self-Efficacy Scale’ (GSE; Schwarzer and Jerusalem 1995). As for language equivalence, there was no difference between the means of total scores obtained from the original COSE and the created Turkish shorter version. Results revealed that the shortened COSE-TR can be regarded as a valid and reliable instrument for measuring counseling self-efficacy with Turkish counselors. Implications for counseling psychology, counselor education and supervision in developing nations and the transculturality of counseling self-efficacy are discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Al-Darmaki, F. (2004). Counselor training, anxiety, and counseling self-efficacy: Implications for training of psychology students from the United Arab Emirates University. Social Behavior & Personality: An International Journal, 32(5), 429–440.
Al-Darmaki, F. R. (2005). Validation of the counselor self-efficacy scale in the United Arab Emirates. Journal of Humanities & Social Sciences, 21, 26–44.
Bakar, A. R., Zakaria, N. S., & Mohamed, S. (2011). Malaysian counselors’ self-efficacy: Implication for career counseling. The International Journal of Business and Management, 6, 141–147. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v6n9p141.
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavior change. Psychological Review, 84, 191–215.
Bandura, A. (1986). The explanatory and predictive score of self-efficacy theory. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 4(3), 359–373.
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman. In Bernard, J. M., & Goodyear, R. K. (1998). Fundamentals of clinical supervision. Second Edition. Needham Heights: Allyn & Bacon.
Barnes, K. (2004). Applying self-efficacy theory to counselor training and supervision: A comparison of two approaches. Counselor Education & Supervision, 44(1), 56–69.
Barnes, L. L. B., Harp, D., & Jung, W. S. (2002). Reliability generalization of scores on the Spielberger state-trait anxiety inventory. Educational & Psychological Measurement, 62, 603–618.
Bentler, P. M., & Wu, E. J. (2005). EQS 6.1 for windows. Encino: Multivariate Software.
Byrne, B. M. (2001). Structural equation modeling with AMOS- basic concepts, applications, and programming. LEA.
Cashwell, T. H., & Dooley, K. (2001). The impact of supervision on counselor self-efficacy. The Clinical Supervisor, 20(1), 39–47.
Comrey, A. L., & Lee, H. B. (1992). A first course in factor analysis (Second ed.). NJ: Erlbaum.
Crook, T. (2010). Relationship between counseling self-efficacy and multicultural counseling self-efficacy among school counselors. Doctoral dissertation. Auburn University, counseling/school. Psychology Retrieved July 23, 2012 from http://etd.auburn.edu/etd/bitstream/handle/10415/2323/TyCrook_Diss_Aug-9-2010%5B1%5D.pdf?sequence=2.
Daniels, J. A., & Larson, L. M. (2001). The impact of performance feedback on counseling self-efficacy and counselor anxiety. Counselor Education & Supervision, 41, 120–130.
Dawn, L. C. (2009). Counseling self-efficacy in practicum students: Contributions of supervision. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. The Pennsylvania State University, college of. Education Retrieved July 22, 2012 from http://search.proquest.com/docview/304986669.
DeVellis, R. F. (2003). Scale development: Theory and applications. CA: Sage.
Dillon, F. R., & Worthington, R. L. (2003). The lesbian, gay, and bisexual affirmative counseling self-efficacy inventory (LGB-CSI): Development, validation, and training implications. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 50, 235–251.
Easton, C.J. (2004). The relationship between emotional intelligence and counseling self-efficacy. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences, 65 (7-A).
Easton, C., Martin Jr., W. E., & Wilson, S. (2008). Emotional intelligence and implications for counseling self-efficacy: Phase II. Counselor Education & Supervision, 47(4), 218–232.
Friedlander, M. L., Keller, K. E., Peca-Baker, T. A., & Oik, M. E. (1986). Effects of role conflict on counselor trainees' self-statements, anxiety level, and performance. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 33, 73–77.
Greason, P. B., & Cashwell, C. S. (2009). Mindfulness and counseling self-efficacy: The mediating role of attention and empathy. Counselor Education and Supervision, 49(1), 2.
Hair, J. F. J., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis. NJ: Prentice Hall.
Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Humeidan, M. A. (2002). Counseling self-efficacy, supervisory working alliance, and social influence in supervision. Doctoral Dissertations: Cardinal Scholar Retrieved August 13, 2012 from http://cardinalscholar.bsu.edu/handle/handle/176963.
Israelashvili, M., & Socher, P. (2007). An examination of a counsellor self-efficacy scale (COSE) using an Israeli sample. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 29(1), 1–9.
Ivey, A. E., Packard, N. G., & Ivey, M. B. (2006). Basic attending skills (4th ed.). Framingham: Microtraining Associates.
Jaafar, W. M. W., Mohamed, O., Bakar, A. R., & Tarmizi, R. A. (2011). Counseling self-efficacy among trainee counselor in Malaysia. Procedia-Social & Behavioral Sciences, 30, 676–679.
Johnson, E., Baker, S. B., Kopala, M., Kiselica, M. S., & Thompson, E. C. (1989). Counseling self-efficacy and counseling competence in pre-practicum training. Counselor Education & Supervision, 28, 205–218.
Kahn, J. H. (2006). Factor analysis in counseling psychology research, training, and practice: Principles, advances, and applications. The Counseling Psychologist, 34, 684–718.
Kozina, K., Grabovari, N., Stefano, J. j., & Drapeau, M. (2010). Measuring changes in counselor self-efficacy: Further validation and implications for training and supervision. Clinical Supervisor, 29(2), 117–127. https://doi.org/10.1080/07325223.2010.517483.
Lam, S., Tracz, S., & Lucey, C. (2013). Age, gender, and ethnicity of counsellor trainees and corresponding counselling self-efficacy: Research findings and implications for counsellor educators. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 35(3), 172–187. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-012-9175-3.
Larson, L. M. (1998). The social cognitive model of counselor training. The Counseling Psychologist, 26, 219–273.
Larson, L. M., & Daniels, J. A. (1998). Review of the counseling self-efficacy literature. The Counseling Psychologist, 26, 179–218.
Larson, L. M., Suzuki, L. A., Gillespie, K. N., Potenza, M. T., Bechtel, M. A., & Toulouse, A. L. (1992). Development and validation of the counseling self-estimate inventory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 39, 105–120.
Lent, R. W., Hill, C. E., & Hoffman, M. A. (2003). Development and validation ofthe counselor activity self-efficacy scales. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 50(1), 97–108.
Lent, R. W., Hoffman, A. M., Hill, C. E., Treistman, D., Mount, M., & Singley, D. (2006). Client-specific counselor self-efficacy in novice counselors: Relation to perceptions of session quality. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(40), 453–456.
Maroco, J. (2010). Análise de equações estruturais: Fundamentos teóricos, software e aplicações. [analysis of structural equations: Theoretical fondations, software and applications.]. Pêro Pinheiro: Report number, Lda.
Melchert, T. P., Hays, V. L., Wiljanen, L. M., & Kolocek, A. K. (1996). Testing models of counselor development with a measure of counseling self-efficacy. Journal of Counseling & Development, 74, 640–644.
Mestre, M. V., Samper, P., Frías, M. D., & Tur, A. M. (2009). Are women more empathetic than men? A longitudinal study in adolescence. The Spanish journal of psychology, 12(01), 76–83.
Meyer, J. M. (2015). Counseling self-efficacy: On-campus and distance education students. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 58(3), 165–172. https://doi.org/10.1177/0034355214537385.
Munson, W. W., Zoerink, D. A., & Stadulis, R. E. (1986). Training potential therapeutic recreators for self-efficacy and competence in interpersonal skills. Therapeutic Recreation Journal, 20, 53–62.
Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (Third ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Öner, N., & LeCompte, A. (1985). Durumluk-sürekli kaygı envanteri el kitabı. İstanbul: Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
Pamukçu, B., & Demir, A. (2011). Psikolojik danışman adaylarının psikolojik danışma özyeterlik algılarının incelenmesi. In XI. Ulusal PDR Kongresi Retrieved August 8, 2012 from http://www.pegem.net/akademi/kongrebildiri_detay.aspx?id=134105.
Pett, M. A., Lackey, N. R., & Sullivan, J. J. (2003). Making sense of factor analysis: The use of factor analysis for instrument development in health care research. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
Scholz, U., Gutiérrez-Doña, B., Sud, S., & Schwarzer, R. (2002). Is general self-efficacy a universal construct? Psychometric findings from 25 countries. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 18(3), 242–251.
Schwarzer, R., & Jerusalem, M. (1995). Generalized self-efficacy scale. In J. Weinman, S. Wright, & M. Johnston (Eds.), Measures in health psychology: A user’s portfolio. Causal and control beliefs (pp. 35–37). NFER-Nelson: Windsor.
Sipps, G. J., Sugden, G. J., & Favier, C. M. (1988). Counselor training level and verbal response type: Their relationship to efficacy and outcome expectations. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 35, 397–401.
Spielberger, C. D. (1983). Manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory. CA: Palo Alto.
Stevens, J. (2002). Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences (4th ed). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Stoltenberg, C. D., McNeill, B., & Delworth, U. (1998). IDM supervision. San Fransico: Jossey-Bass.
Streiner, D. L. (2003). Starting at the beginning: An introduction to coefficient alpha and internal consistency. Journal of Personality Assessment, 80(1), 99–103.
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (Fifth ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Tang, M., Addison, K., La-Sure-Bryant, D., Norman, R., O’Connell, W., & Stewart-Sicking, J. (2004). Factors that influence self-efficacy of counseling students: An exploratory study. Counselor Education & Supervision, 44, 70–80.
Ting, H. C. (2009). Satisfaction with supervision as a function of the supervisory working alliance and self-efficacy among Taiwanese master-level counseling internship students. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of South Carolina, college of. Education Retrieved August 12, 2012 from http://search.proquest.com/docview/304993497.
Triandis, H. C. (1989). The self and social behavior in differing cultural contexts. Psychological Review, 96, p. 506.
Urbani, S., Smith, M. R., Maddux, C. D., Smaby, M. H., Torres-Rivera, E., & Crews, J. (2002). Skills-based training and counseling self-efficacy. Counselor Education & Supervision, 42(2), 92–106.
Yeşilay, A., Schwarzer, R., & Jerusalem, M. (1997). Turkish adaptation of the Generalized Perceived Self-efficacy Scale. Retrieved February, 2, 2012. http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~health/turk.htm
Yuen, M., Chan, R., Lau, P., Lam, M. P., & Shek, D. T. L. (2004). The counselling self-estimate inventory (COSE): Does it work in Chinese counselors? Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 17(2), 177–194.
Yüksek Öğretim Kurulu. (2007). Eğitim fakültelerinde uygulanacak programlar. Retrieved 27 December, 2011 from http://www.yok.gov.tr/content/view/16/52/.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
“The author declared that they have no conflict on interest”.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Karaırmak, Ö. Shorter Version of the Counseling Self-Estimate Inventory (COSE): A Sample from Turkish Counselor Candidates (COSE-TR). Int J Adv Counselling 40, 326–342 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-018-9329-z
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-018-9329-z