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Park isolation in anthropogenic landscapes: land change and livelihoods at park boundaries in the African Albertine Rift

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Abstract

Landscapes are changing rapidly in regions where rural people live adjacent to protected parks and reserves. This is the case in highland East Africa, where many parks are increasingly isolated in a matrix of small farms and settlements. In this review, we synthesize published findings and extant data sources to assess the processes and outcomes of park isolation, with a regional focus on people’s livelihoods at park boundaries in the Ugandan Albertine Rift. The region maintains exceptionally high rural population density and growth and is classified as a global biodiversity hotspot. In addition to the impacts of increasing numbers of people, our synthesis highlights compounding factors—changing climate, increasing land value and variable tenure, and declining farm yields—that accelerate effects of population growth on park isolation and widespread landscape change. Unpacking these processes at the regional scale identifies outcomes of isolation in the unprotected landscape—high frequency of human-wildlife conflict, potential for zoonotic disease transmission, land and resource competition, and declining wildlife populations in forest fragments. We recommend a strategy for the management of isolated parks that includes augmenting outreach by park authorities and supporting community needs in the human landscape, for example through healthcare services, while also maintaining hard park boundaries through traditional protectionism. Even in cases where conservation refers to biodiversity in isolated parks, landscape strategies must include an understanding of the local livelihood context in order to ensure long-term sustainable biodiversity protection.

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Notes

  1. We report geographic data from multiple sources. We report population totals and density of district administrative areas from the Ugandan Bureau of Statistics 2015 census (UBOS 2016). We report population density across the extent of the Ugandan Rift (Fig. 2) from SEDAC’s GPW v4. SEDAC data are suited for this purpose because (a) while based on national census data they are resampled at a higher spatial resolution to allow for population estimates within the Rift boundary, which is not a recognized administrative area, and (b) the data product provides temporal resolution that allows for representation at our time period of interest (1995–2015). We also report population density at the borders of parks from WorldPop (Table 1) because these modeled, spatially explicit estimates are produced at relatively high spatial resolution and provide more accurate estimates at the 5-km scale (Stevens et al. 2015). We report future population projections in multiple places in the main text from different sources of the United Nations Social and Economic Affairs Population Division. Finally, we report forest cover and loss data based on the MODIS product and resampled at higher spatial resolution (Hansen et al. 2013). These data also allow for representation of forest change at an appropriate longitudinal scale for our purposes (2000–2013), but they do not accurately represent change in savanna landscapes. The multiple sources are cited in text, figures, and tables.

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Acknowledgements

Major support for this work was provided by the National Science Foundation (1114977) and the National Geographic Society Committee for Research and Exploration. We are grateful to our Ugandan collaborators and to households participating in the field research. We also thank the Uganda Wildlife Authority, Uganda National Council for Science and Technology, and many local officials who facilitated the research.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Environmental Studies Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA

    Jonathan Salerno & Joel Hartter

  2. Department of Anthropology and McGill School of Environment, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada

    Colin A. Chapman

  3. Department of Geosciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA

    Jeremy E. Diem

  4. Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA

    Nicholas Dowhaniuk, Abraham Goldman & Sadie J. Ryan

  5. Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA

    Nicholas Dowhaniuk

  6. Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada

    Catrina A. MacKenzie

  7. Department of Geography, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA

    Catrina A. MacKenzie

  8. Makerere University Biological Field Station, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda

    Patrick Aria Omeja

  9. Earth Systems Research Center, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA

    Michael W. Palace

  10. Departamento de Conservación de la Biodiversidad, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Chis, Mexico

    Rafael Reyna-Hurtado

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  1. Jonathan Salerno
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  11. Joel Hartter
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Correspondence to Joel Hartter.

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Salerno, J., Chapman, C.A., Diem, J.E. et al. Park isolation in anthropogenic landscapes: land change and livelihoods at park boundaries in the African Albertine Rift. Reg Environ Change 18, 913–928 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-017-1250-1

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