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Landscape evolution and engineering geology: results from IAEG Commission 22

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Abstract

Commission 22 was set up following the 10th IAEG Congress to provide guidelines for incorporating a geomorphological understanding of landscape evolution into engineering geological practice and this paper presents the findings of the Commission. The concept arose from the recognition that landscapes are not static entities during the design life of an engineering structure and that anticipating the changes that will occur should be regarded as a fundamental component of the ground model developed for a construction project. Whilst not all aspects of long term landscape evolution fit easily with engineering projects that have a 100 years design life, there are shorter term processes that do require careful evaluation and incorporation in a site investigation. Concepts of landform equilibrium, geomorphological process-response systems, geohazards, climate and lithologically controlled landscapes, and complex landform assemblages within a palimpsest context, all provide important input for the creation of a four dimensional ground model as required by good ground engineering practice. These concepts are explored in this paper in relation to themes that have a long history within engineering geology and ground model development: geohazard assessment, reactivation of relict processes, design life, risk registers, reference conditions, effects of climate change, magnitude and frequency of natural processes, and cost benefit analysis. Some thoughts on how landscape evolution might influence construction contracts are also explored and suggestions made on incorporating methods for establishing landscape evolution in site investigations.

Résumé

La Commission 22 de l’AIGI a été constituée à la suite du 10ème Congrès de l ‘AIGI avec l’objectif de fournir des orientations pour la prise en compte des contextes géomorphologiques dans la pratique professionnelle des ingénieurs géologues. Cet article présente les résultats des travaux de la Commission. Le concept est né de la reconnaissance que les paysages ne sont pas des entités statiques durant la vie d’une structure d’ingénierie et que l’anticipation des changements prévisibles doit être considérée comme une composante fondamentale du modèle de sol développé pour un projet de construction. Alors que tous les aspects de l’évolution à long terme d’un paysage ne peuvent être intégrés facilement dans des projets d’ingénierie d’une durée de vie de 100 ans, il y a des processus de plus court terme qui demandent une évaluation soigneuse et leur prise en compte dans les études de terrain. Les concepts d’équilibre du relief, de processus géomorphologiques, de risques géologiques et de paysages géologiques fournissent des éléments essentiels pour la création de modèles de terrain à quatre dimensions nécessaires à une bonne pratique professionnelle de la géologie de l’ingénieur. Ces concepts sont présentés dans cet article en relation avec des thèmes qui ont une longue histoire au sein de la géologie de l’ingénieur et dans le cadre du développement des modèles de terrain: évaluation des risques géologiques, réactivation de processus, durée de vie, registre de risques, conditions de référence, effets du changement climatique, amplitude et fréquence de processus naturels, analyses coûts-bénéfices. Quelques réflexions sur la façon dont l’évolution du paysage pourrait influencer les contrats de construction sont également présentées et des suggestions sont faites sur l’intégration de méthodes pour se prononcer sur des évolutions de paysage dans le cadre des investigations de terrain.

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Notes

  1. A geohazard can be defined as a geological state that represents, or has the potential to develop further into, a situation leading to damage or uncontrolled risk (International Centre for Geohazards 2012).

  2. Geomorphology is the study of the forms of the earth’s surface: their origin; the processes involved in their development; the properties of the materials from which they are made; predictions about their future form (Brunsden 2002).

  3. Engineering geomorphology is the application of geomorphology to engineering, including the evaluation of: the near surface ground for design and construction; the risks to civil engineering projects from earth surface processes; the availability of resources for construction; and the effects of civil engineering projects on the environment (Fookes et al. 2007, page 1).

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Acknowledgments

Commission 22 was instigated by the former IAEG President Dr Fred Baynes (2006–2010). The work on the commission has been carried out by the four authors but they are grateful for conversations and suggestions made by colleagues over many years on building the ground model for engineering geology and incorporating long term landscape development into the understanding of ground conditions for engineering practice. Particular thanks are given to: Professor Peter Fookes; Professor Denys Brunsden; Professor David Jones; Dr. John Doornkamp; Dr. Gareth Hearn; Dr. Anne Mather; Chris Martin; Professor Roger Moore; Professor Mark Lee; David Norbury; Dr Andrew Hart; Dr. Malcolm Whitworth; Mike Whitworth; and the late Professor John Hutchinson.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, Devon, UK

    James S. Griffiths & Martin Stokes

  2. Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada

    Doug Stead

  3. University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK

    David Giles

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  1. James S. Griffiths
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  2. Martin Stokes
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  3. Doug Stead
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  4. David Giles
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Correspondence to James S. Griffiths.

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Griffiths, J.S., Stokes, M., Stead, D. et al. Landscape evolution and engineering geology: results from IAEG Commission 22. Bull Eng Geol Environ 71, 605–636 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-012-0434-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-012-0434-7

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