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Tracing salinization processes in coastal aquifers using an isotopic and geochemical approach: comparative studies in western Morocco and southwest Portugal

Traçage des processus de salinisation dans des aquifères côtiers à l’aide d’une approche isotopique et géochimique: études comparatives dans l’ouest du Maroc et le sud-ouest du Portugal

Seguimiento de procesos de salinización en acuíferos costeros utilizando un enfoque isotópico y geoquímico: estudios comparativos en el oeste de Marruecos y el suroeste de Portugal

采用同位素和地球化学方法示踪沿海含水层盐化过程:摩洛哥西部和葡萄牙西南部对比研究

Identificação de processos de salinização em aquíferos costeiros utilizando uma abordagem isotópica e geoquímica: estudo comparativo entre Marrocos ocidental e sudoeste de Portugal

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Abstract

Environmental stable and radioactive isotopes (δ2H, δ13C, δ18O; 3H and 14C), together with physical and geochemical data, were used in the determination of the origins of groundwater salinization and geochemical evolution processes in coastal regions. Two case studies on the Atlantic Coast are discussed, one located in the Essaouira sedimentary basin, western Morocco, and the second, in the Lower Tagus–Sado sedimentary basin, southwest Portugal. In both regions, groundwater degradation occurs by salinization increase to different concentrations and in relation to different origins. The main quality issues for the groundwater resources are related to seawater intrusion, dissolution of diapiric structures intruding the aquifer layers, brine dissolution at depth, and/or evaporation of irrigation water. Anthropogenic pollution ascribed to agricultural activities is another source for groundwater degradation, affecting mainly the shallow aquifers. The apparent 14C age of the analysed samples ranges from 2.9 ± 0.3 up to 45.6 ± 0.6 pmC in the Miocene groundwater samples from the basin in Portugal; at the Essaouira basin in Morocco, the 14C content varies from 60 to 86 pmC. In most of the water samples, the 3H concentration is below the detection limit. In both basins, the isotopic results together with the geochemical data provided an effective label for tracing the mineralization origin and groundwater degradation processes. Further, the isotopic signatures were used in the identification of a paleoclimate (colder period), recorded in the stable isotopic composition and corroborated with the 14C data.

Résumé

Des isotopes stables et radioactifs de l’environnement (δ2H, δ13C, δ18O; 3H et 14C), ainsi que des données physiques et géochimiques, ont été utilisés pour déterminer l’origine de la salinisation et les processus d’évolution géochimique des régions côtières. Deux cas d’études sur la côte atlantique sont discutés, l’un localisé dans le bassin sédimentaire d’Essaouirra à l’ouest du Maroc et le second dans le bassin sédimentaire du bas Tagus-Sado au sud du Portugal. Dans ces deux régions, la dégradation des eaux souterraines se produit par une augmentation de la salinisation selon différentes concentrations et origines. Les principales questions de qualité pour les ressources en eaux souterraines sont liées à l’intrusion de l’eau de mer, à la dissolution de diapirs qui sont intrusifs dans les couches aquifères, à la dissolution de saumures en profondeur et/ou à l’évaporation de l’eau d’irrigation. La pollution anthropique attribuée aux activités agricoles est une autre source de dégradation des eaux souterraines, affectant principalement les aquifères peu profonds. Les âges apparents 14C des échantillons analysés donnent une gamme de valeurs comprise entre 2.9 ± 0.3 et 45.6 ± 0.6 pmC pour les eaux échantillonnées de l’aquifère du Miocène du bassin du Portugal; dans le bassin d’Essaouira au Maroc, les teneurs en 14C varient de 60 à 86 pmC. Dans la plupart des échantillons d’eau, les concentrations en 3H sont inférieures aux limites de détection. In both basins, the isotopic results together with the geochemical data provided an effective label for tracing the mineralization origin and groundwater degradation processes. Dans les deux bassins, les résultats isotopiques ainsi que les données géochimiques fournissent des informations essentielles pour tracer l’origine de la minéralisation et les processus de dégradation des eaux souterraines. De plus, les signatures isotopiques ont été utilisées pour l’identification d’un paléoclimat (période plus froide), attesté par la composition des isotopes stables et confirmé par les données de 14C.

Resumen

Los isótopos radiactivos ambientales y estables y (δ2H, δ13C, δ18O; 3H y 14C), junto con los datos físicos y geoquímicos, se utilizaron en la determinación de los orígenes de la salinización del agua subterránea y los procesos de evolución geoquímica en regiones costeras. Se discuten dos casos de estudio en la costa atlántica, uno ubicado en la cuenca sedimentaria de Essaouira, en el oeste de Marruecos, y el segundo, en la cuenca sedimentaria del Bajo Tajo-Sado, al suroeste de Portugal. En ambas regiones, la degradación del agua subterránea se produce por aumento de salinización a diferentes concentraciones y en relación con diferentes orígenes. Los principales problemas de calidad para los recursos de aguas subterráneas están relacionados con la intrusión de agua de mar, la disolución de las estructuras diapíricas que invaden las capas del acuífero, la disolución de la salmuera en la profundidad y/o la evaporación del agua de riego. La contaminación antropogénica atribuida a las actividades agrícolas es otra fuente de degradación del agua subterránea, que afecta principalmente a los acuíferos poco profundos. La edad aparente 14C de las muestras analizadas oscila entre 2.9 ± 0.3 hasta 45.6 ± 0.6 pmC en las muestras de agua subterránea del Mioceno de la cuenca en Portugal; en la cuenca de Essaouira en Marruecos, el contenido de 14C varía de 60 a 86 pmC. En la mayoría de las muestras de agua, la concentración de 3H está por debajo del límite de detección. En ambas cuencas, los resultados isotópicos junto con los datos geoquímicos proporcionaron una etiqueta eficaz para rastrear el origen de la mineralización y los procesos de degradación del agua subterránea. Además, las firmas isotópicas se usaron en la identificación de un paleoclima (período más frío), registrado en la composición de isótopos estables y corroborado con los datos 14C.

摘要

利用环境稳定同位素和放射同位素(δ2H, δ13C, δ18O; 3H和 14C))以及物理和地球化学数据确定沿海地区地下水盐化的成因和地球化学演化过程。论述了大西洋西海岸两个研究案例,一个位于摩洛哥西部的索维拉沉积盆地,另一个位于葡萄牙西南部塔霍河-撒多沉积盆地。在这两个地区,由于含盐浓度不同程度增加致使地下水退化,造成地下水退化的成因也不尽相同。地下水资源的主要质量问题与海水入侵、挤入构造的溶解进入到含水层地层、深部的卤水溶解以及/或灌溉水的蒸发等有关。归咎于农业活动造成的人为因素污染是地下水退化的另一个原因,主要影响浅层含水层。分析的样品明显的14C年龄范围为:葡萄牙盆地的中新世地下水样为2.9 ± 0.3 到 45.6 ± 0.6 pmC;而在摩洛哥索维拉盆地,14C含量从60到80 pmC不等。大部分水样中,3H浓度低于检出限。在两个盆地,同位素结果以及地球球化学数据为示踪矿化作用和地下水退化提供了有效的标签。而且,同位素印记用于识别稳定同位素成分中记录的古气候(较冷期),同位素印记并与14C数据进行了对比。

Resumo

Isótopos ambientais estáveis e radioativos (δ2H, δ13C, δ18O; 3H e 14C), juntamente com dados físico-químicos, foram usados na determinação da origem dos processos de salinização da água subterrânea e evolução geoquímica em regiões costeiras. Dois casos de estudo são discutidos, um localizado na bacia sedimentar de Essaouira, Marrocos ocidental, e o segundo, na bacia sedimentar do Baixo Tejo-Sado, no sudoeste de Portugal. Em ambas as regiões, a degradação da água subterrânea ocorre pelo aumento da salinização, com diferentes concentrações e com diferentes origens. Os principais problemas de qualidade dos recursos hídricos subterrâneos estão relacionados com intrusão marinha, dissolução de estruturas diapíricas intrusivas às camadas do aquífero, dissolução de salmoura em profundidade e/ou, evaporação de água de irrigação. Poluição antrópica atribuída às atividades agrícolas é outra fonte de degradação da água subterrânea, afetando principalmente os aquíferos mais superficiais. As idades aparentes em 14C das amostras de água subterrânea do Miocénico da bacia em Portugal, varia entre 2.9 ± 0.3 a 45.6 ± 0.6 pmC; na bacia de Essaouira, Marrocos, o conteúdo de 14C varia entre 60 a 86 pmC. Na maioria das amostras de água, a concentração de 3H está abaixo do limite de deteção. Em ambas as bacias, os resultados isotópicos, juntamente com os dados geoquímicos, forneceram indicação eficaz para delinear a origem da mineralização e os processos de degradação da água subterrânea. Além disso, as assinaturas isotópicas foram utilizadas na identificação de paleoclima (período mais frio), registrado na composição isotópica estável e corroborada com os teores em 14C.

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Acknowledgements

An early draft of this manuscript was critically read by two anonymous reviewers and the authors gratefully acknowledge their contribution. Ayden George Sellwood is thanked for editing the English language text.

Funding

These studies were funded by International Atomic Energy Agency – Isotope Hydrology Section. The C2TN/IST authors acknowledge the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) support through the UID/Multi/04349/2013 project.

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Correspondence to Paula M. Carreira.

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This article is part of the topical collection “Coastal aquifers in the Middle East and North Africa region”

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Carreira, P.M., Bahir, M., Salah, O. et al. Tracing salinization processes in coastal aquifers using an isotopic and geochemical approach: comparative studies in western Morocco and southwest Portugal. Hydrogeol J 26, 2595–2615 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-018-1815-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-018-1815-1

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