Abstract
The number and capability of explosives detection and analysis methods have increased dramatically since publication of the Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry special issue devoted to Explosives Analysis [Moore DS, Goodpaster JV, Anal Bioanal Chem 395:245–246, 2009]. Here we review and critically evaluate the latest (the past five years) important advances in explosives detection, with details of the improvements over previous methods, and suggest possible avenues towards further advances in, e.g., stand-off distance, detection limit, selectivity, and penetration through camouflage or packaging. The review consists of two parts. Part I discussed methods based on animals, chemicals (including colorimetry, molecularly imprinted polymers, electrochemistry, and immunochemistry), ions (both ion-mobility spectrometry and mass spectrometry), and mechanical devices. This part, Part II, will review methods based on photons, from very energetic photons including X-rays and gamma rays down to the terahertz range, and neutrons.
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Abbreviations
- AN:
-
Ammonium nitrate
- ANTA:
-
3-Amino-5-nitro-1,2,4-triazole
- DNB:
-
Dinitrobenzene (isomers 1,3-DNB and 1,4-DNB)
- DNT:
-
Dinitrotoluene (isomers 2,4-DNT and 2,6-DNT)
- FOX-7:
-
1,1-Diamino-2,2-dinitroethene (DADNE)
- HME:
-
Homemade explosive
- HMTD:
-
Hexamethylene triperoxide diamine
- HMX:
-
Octagen; octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine
- IED:
-
Improvised explosive device
- Picric acid:
-
2,4,6-Trinitrophenol
- NG:
-
Nitroglycerine; nitro; glyceryl trinitrate; RNG; trinitroglycerine
- NTO:
-
Nitrotriazalone
- PETN:
-
Pentaerythritol tetranitrate; 2,2-bis[(nitroxy)methyl]-1,3-propanediol; dinitrate
- RDX:
-
Cyclonite; hexogen; hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine
- Semtex:
-
Composition of PETN (or RDX and PETN) with heavy oils and rubbers
- TATP:
-
Triacetone triperoxide
- Tetryl:
-
Methyl-2,4,6-trinitrophenylnitramine
- TNT:
-
2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene; 2-methyl-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene
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Acknowledgements
Los Alamos National Laboratory is operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC, for the National Nuclear Security Administration of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC52-06NA25396. The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of this study by Eric Sanders.
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The authors declare that they have no potential conflict of interest.
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Brown, K.E., Greenfield, M.T., McGrane, S.D. et al. Advances in explosives analysis—part II: photon and neutron methods. Anal Bioanal Chem 408, 49–65 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-015-9043-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-015-9043-1