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Development, validation, and application of a novel LC-MS/MS trace analysis method for the simultaneous quantification of seven iodinated X-ray contrast media and three artificial sweeteners in surface, ground, and drinking water

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Abstract

A new method for the simultaneous determination of iodated X-ray contrast media (ICM) and artificial sweeteners (AS) by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) operated in positive and negative ionization switching mode was developed. The method was validated for surface, ground, and drinking water samples. In order to gain higher sensitivities, a 10-fold sample enrichment step using a Genevac EZ-2 plus centrifugal vacuum evaporator that provided excellent recoveries (90 ± 6 %) was selected for sample preparation. Limits of quantification below 10 ng/L were obtained for all compounds. Furthermore, sample preparation recoveries and matrix effects were investigated thoroughly for all matrix types. Considerable matrix effects were observed in surface water and could be compensated by the use of four stable isotope-labeled internal standards. Due to their persistence, fractions of diatrizoic acid, iopamidol, and acesulfame could pass the whole drinking water production process and were observed also in drinking water. To monitor the fate and occurrence of these compounds, the validated method was applied to samples from different stages of the drinking water production process of the Industrial Works of Basel (IWB). Diatrizoic acid was found as the most persistent compound which was eliminated by just 40 % during the whole drinking water treatment process, followed by iopamidol (80 % elimination) and acesulfame (85 % elimination). All other compounds were completely restrained and/or degraded by the soil and thus were not detected in groundwater. Additionally, a direct injection method without sample preparation achieving 3–20 ng/L limits of quantification was compared to the developed method.

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Acknowledgments

This work was mainly performed during the Master Thesis of Mr. Waldemar Ens at FHNW University of Applied Sciences Northwestern and Arts, School of Life Sciences in the laboratories of IWB Basel [27]. We kindly acknowledge the helpful discussions and the support and of Richard Wülser, IWB Basel.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Industrielle Werke Basel, Margarethenstrasse 40, 4002, Basel, Switzerland

    Waldemar Ens, Frank Senner & Benjamin Gygax

  2. FHNW University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, Gründenstrasse 40, 4132, Muttenz, Switzerland

    Götz Schlotterbeck

Authors
  1. Waldemar Ens
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  2. Frank Senner
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  3. Benjamin Gygax
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  4. Götz Schlotterbeck
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Correspondence to Götz Schlotterbeck.

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Ens, W., Senner, F., Gygax, B. et al. Development, validation, and application of a novel LC-MS/MS trace analysis method for the simultaneous quantification of seven iodinated X-ray contrast media and three artificial sweeteners in surface, ground, and drinking water. Anal Bioanal Chem 406, 2789–2798 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-014-7712-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-014-7712-0

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