Abstract
Concentrations of seven chlorobenzene isomers were measured in 26 types of seafood commonly consumed by the Korean population. Concentrations of total chlorobenzenes (ΣCLBz) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in seafood ranged from 5.8 to 573 pg/g wet weight and from 3.2 to 449 pg/g wet weight, respectively. Overall isomer profiles of ΣCLBz were characterized by high proportion with increasing chlorine numbers. Dietary intakes of ΣCLBz by seafood consumption for the general population, males and females were estimated to be 146, 162 and 128 pg/kg body weight/day, respectively. Mackerel, yellow croaker and hairtail contributed to the highest dietary intakes of ΣCLBz. Among the eight age groups investigated, children of aged <2 years and 3–6 years had higher dietary exposure to ΣCLBz. Hazard ratios of cancer and non-cancer risk for HCB exposure were less than one, indicating that there has no a potential health risk by seafood consumption in Korea.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bailey, R. E. Global hexachlorobenzene emissions.Chemosphere 43, 167–182 (2001).
Barber, J. L., Sweetman A. J., van Wijk, D. & Jones, K. C. Hexachlorobenzene in the global environment: Emission, levels, distribution, trends and processes.Sci Total Environ 349, 1–44 (2005).
Lane, D. A., Schroeder, W. H. & Johnson, N. D. On the spatial and temporal variation in atmospheric concentrations of hexachlorobenzene and hexacyclohexane isomers at several locations in the Province of Ontario, Canada.Atmos Environ 26, 31–42 (1992).
Kim, S. K.et al. Geographical distribution and accumulation features of organochlorine residues in bivalves from coastal areas of South Korea.Mar Pollut Bull 45, 268–279 (2002).
Moon, H. B., Lee, S. J. & Choi, H. G. Monitoring of some chlorobenzenes in marine sediments and bivalves from several coastal regions of Korea.J Fish Sci Technol 7, 215–218 (2004).
Ramu, K.et al. Asian mussel watch program: Contamination status of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and organochlorines in coastal waters of Asian countries.Environ Sci Technol 41, 4580–4586 (2007).
He, K.et al. Accumulated evidence on fish consumption and coronary heart disease mortality.Circulation 109, 2705–2711 (2004).
Ismail, H. M. The role of omega-3 fatty acids in cardiac protection: An overview.Front Biosci 10, 1079–1088 (2005).
Shaw, S. D.et al. PCBs, PCDD/Fs and organochlorine pesticides in farmed Atlantic salmon from Maine, eastern Canada and Norway, and wild salmon from Alaska.Environ Sci Technol 40, 5347–5354 (2006).
Domingo, J. L., Bocio, A., Falcó, G. & Llobet, J. M. Benefits and risks of fish consumption Part I. A quantitative analysis of the intake of omega-3 fatty acids and chemical contaminants.Toxicology 230, 219–226 (2007).
Sioen, I.et al. Probabilistic intake assessment of multiple compounds as a tool to quantify the nutritionaltoxicological conflict related to seafood consumption.Chemosphere 71, 1056–1066 (2008).
Darnerud, P. O.et al. Dietary intake estimations of organohalogen contaminants (dioxins, PCB, PBDE and chlorinated pesticides, e.g. DDT) based on Swedish market basket data.Food Chem Toxicol 44, 1597–1606 (2006).
Jiang, Q. T.et al. Human health risk assessment of organochlorines associated with fish consumption in a coastal city in China.Environ Pollut 136, 155–165 (2005).
Perugini, M.et al. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in marine organisms from the Adriatic Sea, Italy.Chemosphere 66, 1904–1910 (2007).
Fattore, E.et al. Assessment of the dietary exposure to non-dioxin-like PCBs of the Italian general population.Chemosphere 73, 278–283 (2008).
Norén, K. & Meironyté, D. Certain organochlorine and organobromine contaminants in Swedish human milk in perspective of past 20–30 years.Chemosphere 40, 1111–1123 (2000).
Hagmar, L.et al. Intra-individual variations and time trends 1991-2001 in human serum levels of PCB, DDE and hexachlorobenzene.Chemosphere 64, 1507–1513 (2006).
Moon, H. B. & Ok, G. Dietary intake of PCDDs, PCDFs and dioxin-like PCBs, due to the consumption of various marine organisms from Korea.Chemosphere 62, 1142–1152 (2006).
Moon, H. B. & Choi, H. G. Human exposure to PCDDs, PCDFs and dioxin-like PCBs associated with seafood consumption in Korea from 2005 to 2007.Environ Int 35, 279–284 (2009).
Moon, H. B.et al. Human health risk of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides resulting from seafood consumption in South Korea, 2005–2007.Food Chem Toxicol (2009). (in submission).
Moon, H. B., Kim, H. S., Choi, M. & Choi, H. G. Intake and potential health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with seafood consumption in Korea from 2005 to 2007.Arch Environ Contam Toxicol (2009). (in submission).
Harper, D. J., Ridgeway, I. M. & Leatherland, T. M. Concentrations of hexachlorobenzene, trichlorobenzenes and chloroforms in the waters of the forth estuary Scotland.Mar Pollut Bull 24, 244–249 (1992).
Falcó, G., Llobet, J. M., Bocio, A. & Domingo, J. L. Exposure to hexachlorobenzene through fish and seafood consumption in Catalonia, Spain.Sci Total Environ 389, 289–295 (2008).
Vorkamp, K.et al. Chlorobenzenes, chlorinated pesticides, coplanar chlorobiphenyls and other organochlorine compounds in Greenland biota.Sci Total Environ 331, 157–175 (2004).
Yang, N., Matsuda, M., Kawano, M. & Wakimoto, T. PCBs and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in edible fish and shellfish from China.Chemosphere 63, 1342–1352 (2006).
Falcó, G.et al. Dietary intake of hexachlorobenzene in Catalonia, Spain.Sci Total Environ 322, 63–70 (2004).
Van der Voet, H., De Mul, A. & Van Klaveren, J. D. A probabilistic model for simultaneous exposure to multiple compounds from food and its use for risk-benefit assessment.Food Chem Toxicol 45, 1496–1506 (2007).
Sudaryanto, A.et al. Levels and distribution of organochlorines in fish from Indonesia.Environ Int 33, 750–758 (2007).
Kreuzer, P. E.et al. 2,3,7,8-tetra-chlorodibenzo-pdioxin (TCDD) and congeners in infants. A toxicokinetic model of human lifetime body burden by TCDD with special emphasis on its uptake by nutrition.Arch Toxicol 71, 383–400 (1997).
Yang, J.et al. PCDDs, PCDFs, and PCBs concentrations in breast milk from two areas in Korea: body burden of mothers and implications for feeding infants.Chemosphere 46, 419–428 (2002).
Heck, M. C.et al. Estimation of children exposure to organochlorine compounds through milk in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.Food Chem 102, 288–294 (2007).
Zhao, G.et al. PCBs and OCPs in human milk and selected foods from Luqiao and Pingqiao in Zhejiang, China.Sci Total Environ 378, 281–292 (2007).
United States Environmental Protection Agency. inRisk-based Concentration Table. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) (USEPA, Washington DC, USA, 2004).
Ministry of Health and Welfare. inReport on 2001 National Health and Nutrition Survey (Ministry of Health and Welfare, Seoul, Korea, 2002).
Ministry of Health and Welfare. inReport on Food Ingestion Factors for Dietary Exposure using 2001 National Health and Nutrition Survey Data (Ministry of Health and Welfare, Seoul, Korea, 2005).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Moon, HB., Park, BK. & Kim, HS. Human health risk of chlorobenzenes associated with seafood consumption in Korea. Toxicol. Environ. Health. Sci. 1, 49–55 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03216463
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03216463