Abstract
The experiment reported here explored the importance of engaging 4-year-old children’s interest in the print itself during storybook reading. We explored the effect of computer animation of the print in order to draw the child’s attention to each word as it was read. We also investigated the influence of illustrating that not all visual displays are readable print on the child’s print knowledge. The measures of interest were print concept knowledge and early reading skill. Results indicated that simply drawing children’s attention to the print during shared reading was insufficient to facilitate children’s learning of print conventions, but this attention to print while hearing stories read did improve children’s letter reading. The child’s active engagement with the print during shared story reading led to further improvements in written language skills, as illustrated by gains in knowledge about print concepts.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adams, M. J. (1990). Beginning to read: Thinking and learning about print. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Bus, A. G., van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Pellegrini, A. D. (1995). Joint book reading makes for success in learning to read: A meta-analysis on intergenerational transmission of literacy. Review of Educational Research, 65, 1–21.
Chera, P., & Wood, C. (2003). Animated multimedia ‘talking books’ can promote phonological awareness in children beginning to read. Learning and Instruction, 13, 33–52. doi:10.1016/S0959-4752(01)00035-4.
De Jong, M. T., & Bus, A. G. (2002). Quality of book-reading matters for emergent readers: An experiment with the same book in a regular or electronic format. Journal of Educational Psychology, 94, 145–155. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.94.1.145.
De Jong, M. T., & Bus, A. G. (2004). The efficacy of electronic books in fostering kindergarten children’s emergent story understanding. Reading Research Quarterly, 39, 378–393. doi:10.1598/RRQ.39.4.2.
Ehri, L. C. (1993). How English orthography influence phonological knowledge as children learn to read and spell. In R. J. Schiles (Ed.), Literacy and language analysis (pp. 21–43). Hillsdale, NJ, : Lawrence Erlaum Associate, Inc.
Evans, M. A., & Saint-Aubin, J. (2005). What children are looking at during shared book reading: Evidence from eye movement monitoring. Psychological Science, 16, 913–920. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01636.x.
Evans, M. A., Shaw, D., & Bell, M. (2000). Home literacy activities and their influence on early literacy skills. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 54, 65–75. doi:10.1037/h0087330.
Evans, M. A., Williamson, K., & Pursoo, T. (2008). Preschoolers’ attention to print during shared book reading. Scientific Studies of Reading, 12, 106–129. doi:10.1080/10888430701773884.
Ezell, H. K., & Justice, L. M. (2000). Increasing the print focus of adult-child shared book reading through observational learning. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 9(1), 36–47.
Ezell, H. K., & Justice, L. M. (2005). Shared story book reading: Building young children’s language & emergent literacy skills. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brooks Publishing Co. Inc.
Gong, Z., & Levy, B.(2004). Improving children’s visual-orthographic knowledge. Poster presented at Canadian Language and Literacy Research Network, Montreal.
Jacoby, L. L. (1983). Remembering the data: Analyzing interactive processes in reading. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 22, 485–508. doi:10.1016/S0022-5371(83)90301-8.
Justice, L. M., & Ezell, H. K. (2000). Enhancing children’s word and print awareness through home-based parent intervention. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 9, 257–269.
Justice, L. M., & Ezell, H. K. (2002). Use of storybook reading to increase print awareness in at-risk children. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 11, 17–29. doi:10.1044/1058-0360(2002/003).
Justice, L. M., & Landfork, C. (2002). Preschool children’s visual attention to print during storybook reading. Communication Disorders Quarterly, 24, 11–21. doi:10.1177/152574010202400103.
Justice, L. M., Skibbe, L., Canning, A., & Lankford, C. (2005). Preschoolers, print, and story books: An observational study using eye-gaze analysis. Journal of Research in Reading, 28, 229–243. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9817.2005.00267.x.
Kolers, P. A. (1973). Remembering operations. Memory & Cognition, 3, 347–355.
Korat, O. (2005). Contextual and non-contextual knowledge in emergent literacy development: A comparison between children from low SES and middle SES communities. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 20, 220–238. doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2005.04.009.
Korat, O., & Shamir, A. (2007). Electronic books versus adult readers: Effects on children’s emergent literacy as a function of social class. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 23, 248–259. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2729.2006.00213.x.
Korat, O., & Shamir, A. (2008). The educational electronic book as a tool for supporting children’s emergent literacy in low verse middle SES groups. Computers & Education, 50, 110–124. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2006.04.002.
Levy, B. A., Gong, Z., Hessels, S., Evans, M. A., & Jared, D. (2006). Understanding print: Early reading development and the contributions of home literacy experiences. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 93, 63–93. doi:10.1016/j.jecp. 2005.07.003.
Lomax, R. G., & McGee, L. M. (1987). Young children’s concepts about print and reading: Towards a model of word reading acquisition. Reading Research Quarterly, 22, 237–256. doi:10.2307/747667.
Lovelace, S., & Stewart, S. R. (2007). Increasing print awareness in preschoolers with language impairment using not-evocative print referencing. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 38, 16–30. doi:10.1044/0161-1461(2007/003).
McBride-Chang, C., & Ho, C. S. H. (2005). Predictors of beginning reading in Chinese and English: A 2-year longitudinal study of Chinese kindergarteners. Scientific Studies of Reading, 9, 117–144. doi:10.1207/s1532799xssr0902_2.
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.HIH, DHHS. (2000). Report of the national reading panel: Teaching children to read: Reports of the subgroups (00-4754). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Ontario Ministry of Education. (2001). Helping your child to learn to read: A parent’s guide. Ontario, Canada: Queen’s printer.
Phillips, G., & McNaughton, S. (1990). The practice of storybook reading to preschool children in mainstream New Zealand families. Reading Research Quarterly, 25, 196–212. doi:10.2307/748002.
Segers, E., & Verhoeven, L. (2002). Multimedia support of early literacy learning. Computers & Education, 39, 207–221. doi:10.1016/S0360-1315(02)00034-9.
Sénéchal, M., & Lefevre, J. (2002). Parental involvement in the development of children’s reading skill: A five-year longitudinal study. Child Development, 73, 445–469. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00417.
Sénéchal, M., Lefevre, J., Thomas, E., & Daley, K. (1998). Differential effects of home literacy experiences on the development of oral and written language. Reading Research Quarterly, 32, 96–116.
Shapiro, J., Anderson, J., & Anderson, A. (1997). Diversity in parental storybook reading. Early Child Development and Care, 127–128, 47–59. doi:10.1080/0300443971270105.
Sonnenschein, S., & Munsterman, K. (2002). The influence of home-based reading interactions on 5-year-olds’ reading motivations and early literacy development. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 17, 318–337. doi:10.1016/S0885-2006(02)00167-9.
Whitehurst, G. J., & Lonigan, C. J. (1998). Child development and emergent literacy. Child Development, 69, 848–872. doi:10.2307/1132208.
Wilkinson, G. S. (1993). Wide range achievement tests (3rd ed.). Wilmington, DE: Wide Range, Inc.
Yaden, D. B., Smolkin, L. B., & Conlon, A. (1989). Preschoolers’ questions about pictures, print conversations, and story test during reading aloud at home. Reading Research Quarterly, 24, 188–214. doi:10.2307/747864
Acknowledgements
This research was part of the first author’s doctoral dissertation. It was supported by a grant from the Canadian Language and Literacy Research Network. We thank Dr. Mary Ann Evans for her helpful suggestions throughout the work, as well as the Journal’s Reviewers and Editor for the helpful suggestions that improved the manuscript’s presentation. We also thank Jo-Lynn Dickson for her assistance in testing the children. Finally, we are grateful to the Board, principals, teachers, parents and especially the children for their participation in and support of this research.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gong, Z., Levy, B.A. Four year old children’s acquisition of print knowledge during electronic storybook reading. Read Writ 22, 889–905 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11145-008-9130-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11145-008-9130-1