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Effects of carbohydrate source and polyethylene glycol on maturation and germination of somatic embryos in walnut (Juglans regia L.)

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Abstract

Low efficiency of somatic embryo maturation, germination, and conversion to plantlets is a major problem in many species including J. regia L. Germination efficiency of somatic embryos is very low in walnut. In this study, effects of two carbohydrate sources, sucrose and maltose (each at 3% and 6%), and two kinds of PEG (4000 and 6000) (each at four levels of 1.5%, 3%, 5% and 7.5%) on maturation and germination of walnut embryos were tested. The number of somatic embryos increased conspicuously on medium containing PEG. Furthermore, higher levels of PEG-4000 (7.5%) could remarkably enhance the morphogenesis of somatic embryos and the number of embryos produced. PEG-4000 stimulated somatic embryo maturation of walnut. This stimulatory effect was dependent on the carbohydrate source used. Sucrose in combination with PEG-4000 produced 50% of cotyledonary and normal somatic embryos. Different concentrations of PEG were effective on the number of embryos with a shoot meristem. PEG-4000 7.5% and sucrose 3.0% produced the highest rate (50.0%) of normal shooting embryos. However, PEG (4000, 6000) and maltose caused an unfavorable effect and increased the frequency of abnormal shaped somatic embryos.

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Abbreviations

ABA:

Abscisic acid

DKW:

Driver & Kuniyuki walnut medium

PEG:

Polyethylene glycol

SE:

Somatic embryo

CE:

Cotyledonary embryo

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran

    Maryam Aflaki Jalali

  2. Department of Horticultural Sciences, College of Abooraihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

    Hassan Bahrami Sirmandi

  3. Department of Horticultural Sciences, College of Agriculture, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran

    Abdullah Hatamzadeh

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  1. Maryam Aflaki Jalali
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  2. Hassan Bahrami Sirmandi
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  3. Abdullah Hatamzadeh
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Correspondence to Maryam Aflaki Jalali.

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Jalali, M.A., Sirmandi, H.B. & Hatamzadeh, A. Effects of carbohydrate source and polyethylene glycol on maturation and germination of somatic embryos in walnut (Juglans regia L.). J. Crop Sci. Biotechnol. 20, 29–35 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12892-016-0089-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12892-016-0089-1

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